Kodak's approach to innovation encompassed several elements:

a$.$ Product innovation: Kodak was known for continually introducing new products in the realm of photography, including cameras, film, and printing materials.

b$.$ Process innovation: They innovated in manufacturing processes to improve efficiency and quality in producing photographic materials.

c$.$ Closed innovation: Historically, Kodak predominantly relied on internal research and development rather than seeking external collaborations or open innovation approaches.

d$.$ Invention: Kodak was involved in inventing new technologies and materials related to photography, such as film types and printing processes.

e$.$ Open innovation: While Kodak was primarily known for closed innovation, there were instances where they collaborated with external partners or licensed technologies from other companies, especially in later years as the industry evolved. However, this was not as prominent in Kodak's approach compared to other companies.