Learn online how to insert a function and draw curves using Microsoft Excel. We will need it to play with a dummy 1:1 binding process. Lets set up the initial conditions for the system. You put 10 mM protein and 10 mM ligand in total into this system, and assume for now the Kd is 1 mM.

1. What percentage of protein is bound with the ligand for the initial system (1 p)?
2. If you test the following Kd values 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mM, how does the percentage of bound protein change (5p)?
3. Starting from the initial condition and keep Kd a constant. If you want increase the percentage of bound protein, what should you do? (1p) To make 99% of protein bound with ligand, how much ligand do you need ? (1p) When you increase the percentage of bound protein, how does the percentage of bound ligand change (1p)?
4. Start from the initial condition and keep Kd a constant. Now keep the protein:ligand ratio a constant. If you keep increasing the concentration of both, how does the bound percentage change (1p)? To make 99% of protein bind with ligand, what is the total protein concentration (1p)?
5. For any binding system in general, is it sufficient to make majority of protein bind with ligand by just increasing Ligand:protein ratio (1p)? Note that you increase ligand protein ratio by increasing ligand concentration or decreasing protein concentration