Levels of management

Using your knowledge of the different levels of management in organizations, indicate whether each statement is most likely to apply to first$-$level, middle$-$level, or top$-$level managers.

Statement

Level

Unlike other levels of management, these managers spend a fair portion of time supervising the work of their subordinates.

Project managers and others who bring people together from various parts of the organization to perform a task are in this layer of management.

Management in Life

You have lunch with a friend who was recently promoted to a management position. $$Congratulations$!$ you say. But she looks at you and says, $$I$$m not so sure.$$

She goes on to tell you that she$$s overwhelmed with the pace of the work and demands on her time. $$I used to just think about myself and my own performance,$$ she says, $$and now I$$m constantly dealing with all these interdependent aspects of the organization. I$$m expected to motivate other people to work hard$--$just working hard myself was a lot easier. And the interruptions! I have to shift gears constantly.$$

She asks for your advice: $$I would love to get more done in less time, be more relaxed, and have more time to enjoy my job and my life. Do you know any time management tips?$$

Which of the following techniques should your friend use? Check all that apply.

Multitask whenever possible.

Keep a to$-$do list of what needs to be done.

Prioritize tasks according to what will take the least time.

Do just one thing at a time, giving it your complete focus.