Most common WIMP arrangements work on the basis of a desktop metaphor, in which common actions are likened to similar actions in the real world. For example, moving a file is achieved by selecting it and dragging it into a relevant folder or filing cabinet. The advantage of using a metaphor is that the user can identify with the environment presented on the screen. Having a metaphor allows users to predict the outcome of their actions more easily.

Note that the metaphor can break down, however. What is the real-world equivalent of formatting a disk? Is there a direct analogy for the concept of ‘undo’? Provide at least 3 examples from the desktop icons.