New York Waste (NYW) is considering refunding a $50,000,000, annual payment, 14% coupon, 30-year bond issue that was issued 5 years ago. It has been amortizing $3 million of flotation costs on these bonds over their 30-year life. The company could sell a new issue of 25-year bonds at an annual interest rate of 11.67% in today's market. A call premium of 14% would be required to retire the old bonds, and flotation costs on the new issue would amount to $3 million. NYW's marginal tax rate is 40%. The new bonds would be issued when the old bonds are called. 7 What is the required after-tax refunding investment outlay, i.e., the cash outlay at the time of the refunding? a. $5,049,939 b. $5,315,725 c. $5,595,500 d. $5,890,000 e. $6,200,000