Norma, who is single and uses the cash method of accounting, lives in a state that imposes an income tax. In April 2017, she files her state income tax return for 2016 and pays an additional $2,460 in state income taxes. During 2017, her withholdings for state income tax purposes amount to $8,610, and she pays estimated state income tax of $1,722. In April 2018, she files her state income tax return for 2017, claiming a refund of $4,428. Norma receives the refund in August 2018. If an amount is zero, enter "0".

a. Assuming that Norma itemized deductions in 2017, how much may she claim as a deduction for state income taxes on her Federal return for calendar year 2017 (filed April 2018)? $ ------

b. Assuming that Norma itemized deductions in 2017 (which totaled $27,700), how will the refund of $4,428 that she received in 2018 be treated for Federal income tax purposes? Norma will include $----- as income in 2018.

c. Assume that Norma itemized deductions in 2017 (which totaled $20,000) and that she elects to have the $4,428 refund applied toward her 2018 state income tax liability. How will the $4,428 be treated for Federal income tax purposes? Norma will include $-------- as income in 2018.

d. Assuming that Norma did not itemize deductions in 2017, how will the refund of $4,428 received in 2018 be treated for Federal income tax purposes? Norma will include $----- as income in 2018.