Objective of this TUT:

By the end of this TUT you should be able to:

Define and explain the chemical processes of Field separation. Crude

desalting, caustic wash, fractional distillation, vacuum distillation, catalytic

reforming, thermal catalytic and hydrocracking, hydro$-$treating, polymerization,

alkylation, isomerization, hydrogenation and octane number determination.

Draw labelled flow diagram of the refining process

Draw labelled flow diagram of a fluid catalytic cracking operation.

Compare different processes and unit operations with each other.

Task $1$:

a$)$ What is crude oil and define the term Petroleum

b$)$ Give examples of typical petroleum uses

c$)$ Which $3$ properties of crude oil determine the kinds of products that can be

refined from the oil.

d$)$ Name the two main groups of products from the refining and write a short

definition of each.

e$)$ Which fractions of crude oil are used to produce petrol

f$)$ Two of the most important specifications for petrol are the volatility and octane

number. Explain the importance of each and relationship between them

g$)$ What problems do sulphur compounds in petrol cause?

h$)$ How is sulphur compounds removed from petroleum fuels $($name $3$ possible

methods$)$

Task $2$:

a$)$ How is crude oil prepared before it goes into the refined process

b$)$ Why is crude oil preparation necessary

c$)$ Draw a labelled diagram of the Crude Oil Pre$-$treatment process

d$)$ Describe the two separation process used during refining in detail $($Name$,$

explain and draw a labelled diagram of these processes$)$

e$)$ Describe the different conversion processes used during refining in detail.

$($Please give a short by detailed description$)$

I. Catalytic reforming

II$.$ Cracking

III. Hydrotreating

IV$.$ Polymerisation

V$.$ Alkylation

VI$.$ Isomerisation

VII. Hydrogenation

f$)$ Cracking is one of the conversion processes used to break large hydrocarbon

molecules into smaller molecules. Name and briefly explain the different cracking

processes that can be used?