On November 7, 2010, Edward Nicholson issued a check in the amount of $21,000 payable to the order of Michael Kittinger based upon Kittinger's fraudulent representations concerning a real-estate transaction. That same day Kittinger delivered the check without endorsing it to Chase Bank, which paid him $ 5,000 in cash and deposited the balance to his account. Chase Bank stamped the back of the check "Pay any bank, banker, or trust company, prior endorsements guaranteed" and sent it to the drawee, Metropolitan Bank, for payment. Metropolitan paid Chase Bank and deducted $21,000 from Nicholson