One for one: the art of giving at 'TOMS' The first thing that comes to mind when people think about TOMS is their corporate social responsibility and the One for One philosophy that is the guiding force of the company's philanthropic mission. The shoe company's origins go back to 2006, during founder's Blake Mycoskie's travels in Argentina. There he saw the poor health and living conditions of the people as well as the difficulties that children faced growing up without shoes. It was thus that he came up with the idea of matching every pair of shoes sold with a pair of new shoes for a child in need. Mycoskie set up TOMS shoes as a means of integrating responsible practice into business and gave a new meaning to corporate sustainability. His simple idea redefined twenty-first century social entrepreneurship and has developed into a meaningful business model that helps promote health, education, and economic opportunity for children and communities globally. The main idea behind TOMS's One for One mission is to give the customers an opportunity to contribute positively to a child's life by giving them not only a pair of shoes, but also a safe means to walk to school and avoid diseases that a child could catch walking barefoot. For customers, this knowledge makes the act of buying shoes more than just a purchase. They are able to associate themselves with the company's social mission. So far, TOMS has given 35 million pairs of shoes to children in more than 70 countries; it does so by donating shoes to charitable organizations that include the provision of shoes in their community development programs. The shoes are provided according to the type of terrain and season for each community and region. Additionally, TOMS also create local jobs by manufacturing shoes in countries where they are given. Corporate social responsibility at TOMS also focuses on the environmental impact of its products and operations. The shoes are made of sustainable vegan materials and their manufacturing design includes natural hemp, organic cotton, or recycled polyester. Their shoes boxes are made from 80 percent recycled material and are printed with soy ink. Expanding its social mission beyond providing shoes to children in need, TOMS has started other missions, including eye care, clean water, and safer birth. TOMS say that giving is in its DNA, and this is apparent from the fact that it even has a position called Chief Giving Officer. This person is responsible for ensuring that the various charitable missions that TOMS undertakes are carried out properly. In 2011, TOMS eyewear was launched, and it has helped restore sight to more than 275,00 people in need. Its eyewear mission operates in 13 countries and provides diagnostic services, medical treatment, vision correction procedures, and prescription glasses with each sale of eyewear. The mission supports sustainable community-based eye care programs and helps in the creation of local professional job opportunities by providing basic eye care training to local health volunteers and teachers. The company works on its clean water mission through its coffee roasting division. In 2014, TOMS Roasting Co. was launched, and it has helped provide over 67,000 weeks of safe drinking water in six countries. With each sale of TOMS Roasting Co. Coffee, the company works with its "Giving Partners" to provide one week's supply of safe water to one person and also works to provide sustainable safe water systems for entire communities. In 2014, working on the same One for One philosophy, TOMS Bag Collection was launched in four countries. TOMS Bags works with its Giving Partners to provide training for skilled birth attendants, and with every bag sold, TOMS provides birth kits that help women deliver a baby safely. TOMS draws style and textile inspirations for its bag collection from the locations where it provides shoes, eye care, and water. The entire TOMS bag line communicates a global ethos that reinforces the company's pledge to make a difference in people's lives and works toward their well-being. The manufacturing units for TOMS shoes are located in Argentina, Ethiopia, and China. The company is conscious of the challenges that come with a global supply network. Their global staff works closely with suppliers and vendors to ensure that TOMS ethical standards are maintained uniformly. Every year, the company ensures that its direct suppliers provide certification that the materials are sourced in conformity with the applicable local labor laws, including laws related to slavery and human trafficking. The company invests in its employees by providing training to them on various business and leadership issues, and it also provides training by third-party experts on labor laws to its supply chain employees. Although widely recognized and appreciated, the TOMS One for One charity model has been questioned by some critics on broader and long-term social benefits. The critics argue that there are unintended negative consequences of the One for One charity model that come at the expense of the local businesses in the communities where TOMS carries out its charities. For example, they suggest, for example, that the local business of a small-scale cobbler who makes and sells shoes in a small town is greatly undermined when a truckload of free shoes arrives in their town. When a community gets free shoes, they will not buy shoes available at the local shop, and this will hurt the income of the local business. To make matters worse, if the free shoes are distributed at irregular time periods, the local shoe vendors are not able to plan the demand levels for their shoes. Critics further argue that that giving free things fosters a poor self-image among the recipients. The critics do recognize that such a social mission has good intentions, but they contend that it only provides a small and temporary fix and does not actually alleviate poverty from the roots. As the proverb goes, it's better to teach a hungry person to fish than to just give them a fish to eat. Furthermore, they say that in addition to hindering local businesses, such a model creates dependency and makes the affluent buyers of One for One products complacent about devising other ways to improve poverty and other social issues. Similarly, many organizations that support social enterprises and entrepreneurial ventures suggest that the free giving model of charity does not address deeper causes of poverty, and in fact be inhibits long-term solutions. Such models approach poverty with the notion that people are poor because they lack things, and they ignore the reasons behind poverty, like the lack of infrastructure to earn more and make a better living. Social causes should not focus only on giving but should also focus on finding ways through which families can earn and support themselves. Although the TOMS model still predominately revolves around the free-good charity approach, it is worth noting that in some ways TOMS has responded to such criticisms by expanding the scope of its social missions. It diversified its charitable missions by including eye care, safe birth and clean water missions as a way to engage in socially responsible causes that go beyond the free good charities. Overall, looking at the popularity of the TOMS model from the consumer point of view, it can be said to be a marketing success. TOMS understand that more consumers want to buy from companies that incorporate sustainable and responsible business practices that are key elements of its ethos. To communicate its social message and raise awareness of global issues like poverty and blindness, the company holds events like One Day Without Shoes, Style Your Sole, and World Sight Day. TOMS understand that consumers like tangibility in their charitable actions and good causes. They feel less passionate about a company that says it will spend 10 percent of its profits on research that will help the poor, but if a company says it will give shoes to or will put glasses on a poor child, the consumer will feel a direct connection. TOMS's One for One model has also inspired many other companies to adopt such practices as part of their corporate social responsibility. Once such example is the Canadian company The Mealshare, which also works on the "buy one, give one" principle: the non-profit company gives people the choice to feed someone in need every time they eat out. Another company that has meaningfully modified the TOMS charity model is TheNakedHippie, which works on the basis of "buy one, fund one." This T-shirt brand invests 100% of its profits in micro loans that help people in developing countries start small business to support themselves and their families. 

Discussion questions

1 Discuss TOMS's ethical foundation and its approach to social marketing and corporate social responsibility. Would TOMS have succeeded without its One for One business model?

2 Given the increasing trend toward ethical consumerism or conscientious consumption, discuss how consumers evaluate TOMS's ethical supply chain and charitable causes as part of their decision making.

3 Considering the viewpoints of the critics regarding TOMS's charity model, discuss its pros and cons. What type of sustainable charitable causes can TOMS pursue in the future that will attract more customers to its social marketing efforts?