Part 2: Substitution Ciphers # Cant use chr and ord functions You must implement two substitution ciphers, the Atbash cipher and the Caesar cipher, where the ciphertext is created by letter substitution. The process of how letters should be substituted for one another is detailed in each function description. (8 points)

def atbash_cipher(plaintext): Parameter(s): plaintext ----- a string; the message to be encrypted Return value: A string; the ciphertext after applying the Atbash cipher algorithm Assumptions: o The standard English alphabet is used: "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" o All strings will be non-empty, entirely lowercase, and only contain valid letters in the alphabet. How it works: o Flip the alphabet backwards. o Substitute each letter in the plaintext message with its counterpart in the backwards alphabet. So, the letter "A" in the plaintext becomes "Z" in the ciphertext, the letter "B" becomes "Y," the letter "C" becomes "X," and so on. o Remember, you cannot use .index()!

Examples: o atbash_cipher("abcd") 'zyxw'

atbash_cipher("toocool") 'gllxllo'

atbash_cipher("thismessagewillexplode") 'gsrhnvhhztvdroovckolwv'

def caesar_cipher(plaintext, shift): Parameter(s): plaintext ----- a string; the message to be encrypted shift ----- an integer; the number used to control the cipher Return value: A string; the ciphertext after applying the caesar cipher algorithm Assumptions: o The standard English alphabet is used: "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" o All strings will be non-empty, entirely lowercase, and only contain valid letters in the alphabet. o shift will be an integer value (could be negative, positive, or zero!) How it works: o The substitution is performed for each character in the plaintext message based on the shift value that is provided to the function o Each letter in the plaintext has a numbered position in the alphabet, add the shift to that position to go to a new letter in the alphabet. o If this addition is larger than the length of the alphabet, loop around to the beginning of the alphabet. If the result of this addition is less than zero, loop around to the end of the alphabet. o Substitute the letter in the plaintext with this new letter. Notes: o Same restrictions as everything else. Examples: o caesar_cipher("quickbrownfox", 5) 'vznhpgwtbsktc' o caesar_cipher("wehavefled", -6) 'qybupyzfyx'

Can someone solve these without using index() or contains() or [::-1]?