Pharmaceutical companies develop drugs to cure diseases. Before the drug is approved for sale, it is tested on humans for possible side effects. Most healthy people will not undergo such tests. The test subjects are mostly homeless alcoholics who provide informed consent but don’t know the possible effects of tests on their health. Test subjects can die; suffer paralysis, organ damage, and other chronically debilitating injuries. But when the drug is approved, it can provide enormous benefits for society by treating the disease. Moreover, the subjects can use the money received from tests for their own well-being and the welfare of their family”.

Question1. Is it just to use humans as subjects in drug testing? Provide justification for your answer.

Question 2. what are the options/alternatives? Evaluate each alternative on the basis of the utilitarian principle.

Question3. Who are the stakeholders in this scenario and how does the principle of rights and duties apply to the stakeholders?