Please answer question 2 and 4. Must be 2-4 paragraphs long. Thank you.
120 Part One Organizations, Managomont, and ho Notworkod Entorpriso INTERACTIVE SESSION: MANAGEMENT Can Technology Replace Managers? Start-up companies are known for boing innovative chain of command, holocracy organiaes tho bust and one of those innovations appears to be the wayness as a series of overlapping, self-governing they are being managed. A number of these now firms are trying to minirmine headoount and maxi mize agility by eliminating management hierarchy.a department. The circles overlap, and individu In place of managers, they're turning to technol ogy, including user-friendly software and low-cost roles in these circles work together, and their wcb-bascd scrvices such as Amazon.com's Redshift ing outcomcs are recorded using web-based sofi for storing corporate data, analyzing the data, and presenting the results in the form of dashboards that anyone in the firm can use In the past such data were difficult to obtain, roquired more senior managers to organine and interpret, or could not be they're supposed to be doing and to hold themaclhves analyand without expensive business intelligence systoms costing millions of dollars. Tbday even smallAlthough Zappos CRO Tony Hsich continucs start-ups can afford to store and manipulate nearly trumpet self-management it is unclear if employees limitdless pools of data in near real time irclos-Instead of having jobs, holocracies have Tolcs Rach role belongs to a circle rather than als hold many different roles. Individuals assi ware callod Class Prog. This system allows anyone in the company to view who's responsible for what role and what they're working on. Glass Frog pro- vides a to-do" list that teams use to define the work widely share his enthusiasem. Some employees wel- Hor cxample, Chubbics, a rapidly growing dlothingcomed the opportunity for more independenoe. With stant-up targeting college fraternities, doesn't have a experience and expertise downplayed, less senior CRO Instead, it has four oo-CBOs cach in charge ofemployees with fresh ideas receive mors atlention his or her own business function. This structure isIntroverts have benefited from the expectation that repeated all the way down the company's hicrarchy.everybody speak in meetings Other employers were All Chubbies employees have access to the same data confused and frustratod by numcrous mandatos, as its top managers. According to Tom Monigomery, endless moctings, and uncertainty about who did one of the Chubbies co-CROs, when you don't have what. To whom would they report to if there were a traditional CEO and final decision makes, you have no bosses? What was expected of them if they did to trust people to make the right decisions based on not have a job tide, and how would they be compen the information they see. Although it takes time to sated? Within weeks afier Zappos embraond holoo racy, about 14 percent of employees had left the company. The employee exodus has continued. 7ap build up that trust, onoe you do, the company can Montgomery points out that in the past, an assex pos's turnover rate for 2015 was 30 pcre ate spocialixing in events for dlients might report to centage points above its typical annual atrision rate a manager in the marketing deparument in charge ofThochouse Island Inc., a Portland, Oregon, onlinc thinking about why the company should be thr ing ovents in the first place. Today, the event plan- ner working akone can use an array of dashboards to liked, rarely had to send e-mail, and had no dinoc ont, 10 per- coding school, also had a fhat organization. Saff rknd four day wocks, worked only on projcts they ly how many Pacehook likes, Insta-bosscs. However, the business grew, with about gram posts, and sales arose from a particular event,100 and she is ablo to decide on her own whether future 100,000 students enrolled in its online courses and 100 omployors. Some projocass right data andpleted, and cmployees were unsune of thcir responsi ools to back up her docision, she doesn't noed a manaper to validate her choicrs bilities Thochouse wasn't burdened by bureaucrn but work sill stalled nevertheless. Without managens Web retailer Zappos.com Inc. announced in 2013 that it was eliminating managers in order to koop the 1,500-person company from becoming too rigid,ive as they could have to coordinate projecas and saupervise and encourago workers Thochouse employecs werent boen. Aczording to Trichou founder Ryan Carson, there was no real reason tn Zappos adopted a "holocracy' model in which workwork hard because no onc knw about it. Sorme of ers manage themselves without the aid of middlo CASE STUDY QUESTIONS 1. How do flat organizations differ from traditional from a traditional bureaucracy to a flatter organization? bureaucratic hicrarchics? 2. How has information technology made it possible 4. Can technology replace managers? Explain your to climinate middle manager positions? answcT 3. What management, organization, and technology issues would you consider if you wanted to move
