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Introduction

Deontological ethics, often associated with the philosopher Immanuel Kant, is a moral theory that focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, rather than their consequences. (Dion, 2012). Deontologists contend that some conduct is ethically required or prohibited in light of general moral obligations. These obligations can be inferred from the categorical imperative, which holds that people should behave as though they wish their deeds to be accepted as universal law. (Powers, 2006)

On the other hand, a consequentialist ethical theory called utilitarianism places a strong emphasis on increasing total pleasure or utility. According to utilitarian, a decision's moral worth is based on its results, namely how much happiness or pleasure it brings to the most people. The maxim of the greatest benefit for the greatest number is at the center of utilitarianism. (Gustafson, 2013)

The methods used by these two ethical systems to arrive at moral judgments are different. While utilitarianism emphasises the overall outcomes and attempts to maximize pleasure or utility, deontology emphasizes obedience to moral principles or responsibilities regardless of the consequences.

It's worth noting that utilitarianism and deontological ethics both have their own versions and critics. Finding a middle ground between abiding by rigorous moral principles and taking the bigger picture into account while acting is a common theme in ethical discussions.

Literature review and discussion:

Here are six academic sources on the definition or differences between utilitarian ethics and deontological ethics, along with a brief elaboration on each source:

Deontological Ethics: by Michael Sandel (2009). In this book, Sandel provides a comprehensive overview of deontological ethics, including its history, key concepts, and arguments. He also discusses the relationship between deontology and other ethical theories, such as utilitarianism. In-text citation: Sandel (2009) defines deontology as "a theory of ethics that judges the rightness or wrongness of an action based on whether it conforms to a set of moral rules or duties."

Utilitarianism by Benlahcene et al. (2018). In this article, Benlahcene provides a clear and concise introduction to utilitarianism, including its history, key concepts, and arguments. They also discussed the three characteristics, such as being consequentialist, .

In the utilitarianism doctrine, an act is considered right if it is useful for boosting happiness. Happiness according to utilitarianism is a sum of pleasures; pleasure is good and pain is bad. An act is right if it produces good and prevents the bad.

In-text citation: Benlahcene (2018) defines utilitarianism as " doctrine, an act is considered right if it is useful for boosting happiness. Happiness according to utilitarianism is a sum of pleasures; pleasure is good and pain is bad. An act is right if it produces good and prevents the bad."

Deontology vs. Utilitarianism by Daniel Bartels (2008). In this article, Bartels compares and contrasts deontology and utilitarianism, focusing on their different approaches to ethical decision making. He argues that some people may be tempted to assume that deontological judgment is nothing more than an emotional reaction as a result of emotional functioning in moral cognition.

In-text citation: Bartels (2008) argues that " However, these follow-up studies have not manipulated contextual factors (e.g., magnitude of consequences favoring sacrice, judgment elicitation procedure) to make predictions about levels of deontological and utilitarian judgment, which is the focus of the current studies.

It is clear that moral judgment involves at least some emotional processing."

The Difference Between Deontology and Utilitarianism by Timothy Christie (2008). In this

article, Christie provides a clear and concise explanation of the key differences between deontology and utilitarianism. He argues that deontology ethic is based on the intention of the actors., while utilitarianism is based on the idea of that negative consequences should be avoided wherever possible.

In-text citation: Christie (2008) argues that " The real conflict, which has largely been overlooked, is about ethics. More specifically, it is a revival of the debate between Utilitarian and Deontological approaches to ethics."

5. Deontological Ethics and Utilitarianism by William Bauer (2020). In this article, Bauer provides a detailed comparison of deontology and utilitarianism in terms of artificial moral agents. He argues that these theories have strengths and weaknesses, and that the best ethical theory is likely to be rule-based utilitarian approach (in contrast to a strict act utilitarian approach) is superior.

4 n-text citation: Bauer (2020) argues that " The big three traditions in norma tive theoryvirtue theory (emphasizing developing good character traits), utilitarianism (emphasizing maximizing the overall good), and deontology (emphasizing following strict duties)in deciding how to load values into artificial moral agents AMAs."

6. The Nature of Morality: Utilitarianism and Deontology by Van Staveren (2007). In this

article, Staveren provides a clear and concise explanation of the key differences between deontology and utilitarianism. She argues that deontology is based on the idea of duty, while utilitarianism is based on the idea of happiness.

In-text citation: Staveren (2007) argues that " Although deontology does better than utilitarianism in analysing ethics in economics, it has its own weaknesses. These weaknesses require another theory of ethics for economics, virtue ethics, which emphasises the interrelatedness of agents and commitment to shared values beyond the rules that a society has institutionalised."

Conclusion:

In conclusion, utilitarianism and deontological ethics offer differing viewpoints on moral judgment. While utilitarianism stresses outcomes and general satisfaction, deontology emphasizes the significance of upholding moral standards. Understanding the differences between these two ethical systems can help people have a deeper understanding of ethical ideas and help them develop moral judgements with knowledge. Finally, ethical conversations frequently reflect the complexity and continuous investigation within the area of ethics by attempting to strike a balance between upholding moral ideals and taking into consideration the wider repercussions of acts.

Reference:

Bartels, D. M. (2008). Principled moral sentiment and the flexibility of moral judgment and decision making. Cognition, 108(2), 381-417.

Bauer, W. A. (2020). Virtuous vs. utilitarian artificial moral agents. AI & SOCIETY, 35(1), 263271.

Benlahcene, A., Zainuddin, R. B., Syakiran, N., & Ismail, A. B. (2018). A narrative review of ethics theories: Teleological & deontological Ethics. Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 23(1), 31-32.

Christie, T., Groarke, L., & Sweet, W. (2008). Virtue ethics as an alternative to deontological and consequential reasoning in the harm reduction debate. International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(1), 52-58.