Please explain in detail how would each following events affect the U.S. money supply?

1. Banks decide to hold more excess reserves.

1. People withdraw cash from their bank accounts for Christmas shopping.

1. The Federal Reserve sells gold to the public.

1. The Federal Reserve reduces the interest rate it pays on deposits of depository institutions held at the Fed.

1. A financial crisis leads people to sell many of their stocks and deposit the proceeds in bank accounts, which are federally insured.

1. The Federal government sells $20 billion of new government bonds to the Federal Reserve. The proceeds of the sale are used to pay government employees.

1. The Federal Reserve sells some of its government securities in Tokyo for yen.

1. The Federal Reserve increases reserve requirement.

1. The Federal Reserve decreases the discount rate.