please solve question below

10:44 AM Thu Oct 8 6 exam 'I Fall 2020 finalversionpdf 30f4 3. (30 marks) In class, we covered the paper by Thomas Fujiwara on the introduction of electronic voting machines in Brazil and its effects on valid votes and turnout. In 1998, due to a limited supply of machines, only municipalities with more than 40500 registered voters received those machines. In 1994, no municipalities had them, while all of them had them in 2002. Recall Figure 2 from his paper: 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Number of Registered Voters 1996 - Valid Votes/Turnout 1994 Election (Paper Only) 0 Valid Votesrl'urnout 1998 Election (Disoontinuity) & Valid Votes/1' umout 2002 Election (Electronic Only) FIGURE 2.Valid votes/tumoutlocal averages and parametric t. Each marker represents the average value of the variable in a 4000-voter bin. The continuous lines are from a quadratic t over the original (\"unbinned\") data. The vertical line marks the 40500-voter threshold. (a) (15 marks) Using this graph, explain how we can nd a causal effect of electronic voting machines on the share of valid votes. (b) (15 marks) Suppose the same machines were introduced in local U.S. elections. Would you expect the same increase in the share of valid votes to happen? Why