please summarize the important part of the the following paper.

Int J Disaster Risk Sci (2021) 12:367-380 www.ijdrs.com https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00351-9 Check for updates | www.springer.com/13753 ARTICLE Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Comprehensive Development Planning of the Cities in Nueva Ecija in the Philippines Arneil G. Gabriel . Patrick Neil M. Santiago' . Rosemarie R. Casimiro' Accepted: 21 April 2021 / Published online: 12 May 2021 The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Recent scientific consensus suggests that cli- Keywords Climate-related disasters . Global mate-related disasters are becoming more frequent and warming . Local development destructive. Consequently, increasing importance is given planning . Philippines . Southeast Asia to disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in global governance. The projected global warming at 1.5 C and the climate variability that 1 Introduction the Philippine archipelago experiences make DRR-CCA the key priorities of both the national and local government Many communities across the globe are now facing the units. In this study, we assessed and measured the degree of biggest challenge of the generation-the continuous envi- mainstreaming of DRR-CCA in the comprehensive devel- ronmental degradation and rising economic losses due to opment plans (CDPs) of the five component cities in the the effects of devastating calamities that are aggravated by province of Nueva Ecija in the Philippines. These are warming of the Earth's surface and climate change (Sch- among the areas in Central Luzon that are susceptible to effran and Battaglini 2011). According to the Intergov- hydrometeorological and geologic hazards. We distributed emmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2018), the survey questionnaires to 25 employees of the local gov- Earth's climate has transformed in the last 650,000 years. ernment units in the five component cities in Nueva Ecija This is reflected in the 0.87 C observed global mean who are directly involved in planning activities. We tri- surface temperature (from natural/atmospheric phe- angulated their responses using archival data (review of nomenon) and 0.2 C estimated anthropogenic warming written policies and plans). The main findings of the study (from human activities) per decade since the pre-industrial indicate that in spite the presence of laws and policies on times (the 1700s to the 1930s). With its current rate, global DRR-CCA, their implementation is only in the preliminary warming of 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels is projected stages. The results also provide insights to policymakers by the year 2030 to 2052. and future researchers on the challenges and opportunities In the recent decades, changes in weather and sea level influencing the systemic mainstreaming of DRR-CCA in temperature have intensified natural hazards (IPCC 2018). the province. There has been more frequent occurrence of tropical storms, flooding, droughts, landslides, and other extreme weather events (CRED 2016). Published evidences also indicate that the net damage costs from these changes are likely to increase over time (UNISDR 2012). Extreme weather events cause instability problems for infrastruc Ameil G. Gabriel tures, impair the productivity of croplands, and create gabrielarneil77 @gmail.com serious damages in both urban and rural settlements Department of Public Administration, Nueva Ecija Guneralp et al. 2015; Rao et al. 2016). If not immediately University of Science and Technology, addressed, such weather extremes may escalate into 3100 Cabanatuan City, Philippines 2 Springer368 Gabriel et al. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation disasters that may greatly affect people's lives and their sources of livelihood. For three years in a row (20162018). the Philippines ranked third among 171 countries on the World Risk Index. With a score of 52.46% on exposure. 52.78% on vulnera- bility. and an overall risk of 27.69%. the Philippines is placed on the top three countries with the greatest risk to natural hazard~related disasters in 2018 (Heintze et a1. 2018). The index reects the country's exposure. risk. and vulnerability to natural hazardrelated disasters. To come up with the mentioned scores. three parameters were examined and measured. These are the country's ( l) coping capacity or level of preparedness and response capabilities; (2) adaptation or the ability to adjust and generate long- term strategies to abate the negative consequences of cli- mate change; and (3) susceptibility in terms of the citizen's socioeconomic conditions. The gures are not surprising since it has long been established that the Philippines is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire where many earthquakes occur and volcanic activities are recorded. and the typhoon belt where tropical storms are formed and sustained (Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 2018). In year 2018 alone. recordbreaking catastrophes were experienced in Southeast Asia including the Philippines. (Cambridge Centre for Risk Studies 2018). After Super Typhoon Yolanda in 2013. another super typhoon named Mangkhur (Ompong) hit the northern Philippines. Hong Kong. and coastal southeast China in September 2018. leaving 150 fatalities (ReliefWeb 2018). Given the challenges posed by the global warming of 1.5 "'C and the Philippines' standing as the third most disaster-prone countries in the world (Heintze et al. 2018). the inclusion of disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) to local policies and plans emerged as the tting strategy to minimize disaster losses and ensure sustainable development (Smit et al. 2001 ). 1.1 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Initiatives Disaster risk reduction includes all efforts that can reduce disaster risks. These may be done by analyzing the factors causing disasters. reducing exposure to hazards and risks. and minimizing the vulnerability of people and their livelihoods (IOM 2010). Climate change adaptation includes actions aimed at reducing the impacts of the unavoidable consequences of the rising surface tempera tures and increasing incidence of natural calamities (IPCC 2013). Disaster risk reduction involves more complex processes that look into the root causes of the problem and vulnerability. be it physical. social. economic. or environ mental in nature. @ Springer In some cases. vulnerability increases because people tend to resist change or institutions fail to create enabling environment for better planning and implementation of mitigating. preparedness. and response measures (Cuevas et al. 2016). The study of Gabriel and Mangahas (2017) affirms the importance of enabling environment in the local setting for coping with the effects of climate variation and protecting forest resources in the Indigenous peoples (IPs) / Indigenous cultural communities. The Philippines has gone a long way in addressing cli mate change and disaster risks. While there were civil defense councils established during the Commonwealth (1930s) and Japanese occupation (1940s) periods, it was only in 1978 when a Presidential Decree (PD 1566) was issued to solidify the country's disaster preparedness and response initiatives. Yet. approaches to calamities in the 1970s are limited to rescue and relief distribution during and immediately after a calamity (NDRRMC and 0CD Planning Division 2009). Due to the increasing death toll and economic losses from frequent calamities. policy makers during the mid-2000 shifted their management focus towards climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. From thereon. DRR and CCA gradually gained substantive local and international policy backing. The landmark approval in 2009 of the Climate Change Act (Republic Act 9729); in 2010 of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (Republic Act 10121); in 2005 of the Hyogo Framework for Action 20052015; and in 2015 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 20152030 and Paris Agreement on Climate Change. have reinvigorated and augmented the country's efforts toward building resilience among local communities and sectoral stakeholders (NDRRMC 2011a; PIDS 2017). These documents further stress the importance of community and multistakeholder approach to disaster management. The enactment of the Climate Change Act of 2009 also paved the way for the creation of the Climate Change Commission (CCC). which was tasked to develop policies and coordinate government programs on climate change. The CCC was also tasked to spearhead the formulation of the road map for all CCArelated programs. otherwise known as the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 20112028 (World Bank 2013). The NCCAP prioritizes concerns related to human and food security. water sufciency. environmental and ecological stability. and sustainable energy (Climate Change Commission 2012). Meanwhile. the disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) activities in the country are now guided by four thematic pillars: (1) disaster prevention and mitigation; (2) preparedness; (3) response; and (4) recovery and rehabili~ tation. The Republic Act 10121's core aim of a \"safer. Int J Disaster Risk Sci adaptive. and disaster resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable development\" is translated and main streamed in all aspects of national and local governance (NDRRMC 201 lb; PIDS 2017). Common strategies include the enhancement of the national and local capacity to develop. manage. and administer projects that address emerging climatic concerns (NDRRMC 2011b; World Bank 2010) and foster improvements in development planning in the Philippines. 1.2 Local Development Planning in Response to Climate Variability and Adaptation Measures Blakely and Leigh (2010) agreed that the preparation of the local plan is also about analysis and projection. At most. inclusive development planning takes into consideration the principles of social inclusion and sustainability. It also integrates different policies and programs at the local level to create synergies and promote participatory governance. Republic Acts 10121 and 9729 are among the policies requiring the inclusion of DRRCCA into the local devel opment planning process. As mentioned in the Department of the Interior and Local Government's (DILG) Local Planning Illustrative Guide (2015). the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) is an action plan utilized by every local administration to develop and implement pri- ority sectoral and cross-sectoral programs and projects. All local government units in the Philippines are man dated under Section 106 of Republic Act 7160 or Local Government Code of 1991 to formulate a CDP. These are applicable to the different political and administrative divisions of the local government namely provincial (composed of two or more cities and governed by a Governor); city/municipal (composed of two or more bar~ angays or towns and governed by a Mayor); and the bar angay level (composed of villages and governed by Punong Barangay). The provincial and city/municipal development councils are headed by the Chief Executive (Governor/ Mayor) and are composed of the following members: Chairman of the Committee of Appropriation of the Sanggunian (local legislative body). the District Con- gressman (congressional representative). and the non- governmental organizations (NGOs) operating within the city as members. Meanwhile. the barangay development councils (BDC) are composed of the Punong Barangay (barangay chief executive). Sangguniang Barangay mem- bers. District Congressman (congressional representative). NGOs I private sector / religious groups. and the Barangay Secretary as the secretariat (Republic of the Philippines 1991; DILG 2015). The planning process begins with the provincial and city/municipal planning and development ofcers identi~ fying the members of the core planning team. Included in 369 the planning structure are the Local DRRM Ofcers (LDRRMOs) as advocate of DRR and CCA initiatives. The Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) and the Local DRRM Plan (LDRRMP) are among the 33 locallymam dated plans that identify sectoral issues as well as the interventions to address them (DILG 2015). One important feature of the local development process is its alignment with the set development direction of the next higher governmental structure. This process ensures that development plans are synchronized from the central office to every barangay in the archipelago under one development direction set by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Central Office under the Office of the President. The local development process is ideally a vertical collaboration between the local govern- ment unit and civil society. It is also characterized by horizontal collaboration between the communities partici- pating in the budget planning (Climate Change Commis sion 2017). The development direction set by the local executive department is charted by pouring resources to the plans through the Annual Investment Plan and Annual Budget Appropriations submitted by different departments. The plan and the budget appropriations are then reviewed by the members of the local development council and approved by the local Sanggunian following a budget hearing. The local development council also deliberates and approves the development plan and the corresponding budget. The process is expected to observe transparency and accountability (Gabriel 2017'). Worth mentioning is the presence of civil society organizations (CSOs) that assure the integration of the interest of the communities in the local development plans. Once approved by the Sanggu m'rm. the plan with corresponding budget is forwarded to the Office of the Local Chief Executive for implementation. The mainstreaming of DR and CCA to local devel~ opment planning aims to reverse the vicious cycle of dis- asters and deter economic and environmental instability. Indeed. development planning helps local government units to systematically create enabling environment for sustainable development that meets people's needs. How- ever. as Ojo (2005) points out. disaster management is seen only as an emergency doling exercise and not as integral part of development. Another problem that the country is facing is the local government units (LGUs)' low compli~ ance to the preparation and submission of CDPs and therefore. the low submission rate of only 48.71% in 2015 (DILG 2015). Therefore. the presence of plans is not an absolute manifestation of lesser vulnerability nor higher level of readiness. In spite all these. the country has already made progress in confronting climate change and disaster risks with the 4:22 Springer 370 Gabriel et al. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation mainstreaming of DRR and CCA as starting point. The reflected in Fig. 2 were also used to guide the analysis of ability of communities and institutions to adapt to change data (Fig. 3). (Smit and Wandel 2006) and to understand disaster risk are As the framework elucidates, sustainability and social both indicators of development and measure of sustain- inclusion are important dimensions of local development ability (UNISDR 2015). To this end, the Philippine gov- planning. Hence, this study used the same as yardstick in ernment is faced with the challenge of making institutions the evaluation of the significance of the contents of the and communities more proactive and resilient to the local development plans to the situation in the locality impacts of climate change. (disaster risk profile) and on the sustainability of the plans. It is in this context that our study examined the level of mainstreaming of DRR and CCA in the local development planning process of the component cities in the province of 2 Methods Nueva Ecija in the Philippines that are susceptible to nat- ural hazards. We also investigated whether the character- In the sections that follow, we detail the study area, pop- istics of the cities (disaster risk profiles) have significant ulation, and sampling procedures to appropriately situate relationship with the inclusion of DRR and CCA in the the research. comprehensive development plan. Finally, we discuss the findings of the study and their policy implications. 2.1 The Study Area Through archived data, inputs from personnel of the local government units directly involved in the planning Nueva Ecija is a landlocked province in the Philippines activities, and analysis of all data gathered, this study located in Region III or Central Luzon. It has plains, assessed the effectiveness of the existing policies and mountains, and rivers and the greatest number of cities in programs on DRR and CCA at the local level. Likewise, it Region III given the province's four districts comprised of sought to determine the areas needing improvement or 27 municipalities and 5 cities (PSA 2017). emphasis towards more definite measures for the promo- The selection of the study area is influenced by the tion of climate change actions on both local and interna- susceptibility of the province and its cities (Cabanatuan, tional fronts. Gapan, Palayan, San Jose, and Science City of Munoz) to both hydrometeorological and geologic hazards. All the 1.3 Conceptual Framework cities are specifically compounded with problems related to flooding due to the denudation of Sierra Mountain ranges This study espouses the idea that DRR-CCA-inclusive within the province's borders. The increasing economic local development planning contributes to the success of activities and population density of the cities also increase disaster risk management in the component cities of Nueva the communities' exposure to hazards. The disaster expe Ecija. We based this assumption from the National Disaster riences of the cities and their potentials to counteract the Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF) negative impacts of disaster risks and climate change (NDRRMC 201la). The framework exemplifies that the through development planning are also interesting. mainstreaming of DRR and CCA into plans will result in The mainstreaming of DRR and CCA to the Compre- (1) enhanced understanding of planning environment; (2) hensive Development Plan (CDP) is mandated under Cli- more realistic allocation of land; (3) inclusion of potential mate Change Act of 2009 and Philippine DRRM Act of damages and casualties to development goals and targets; 2010. The same is also treated as first line of defense (4) prioritization of risk reduction measures; and (5) pro- against natural hazards and disasters. Thus, it is also vision of budgetary resources to DRR programs and pro- interesting to probe deeper into the level of mainstreaming jects. The concept is further illustrated in Fig. 1 of DRR and CCA in the five cities of Nueva Ecija. We used the NDRRMF as a framework of analysis, taking into consideration that it provides for a "compre- 2.2 Population and Sampling Procedure hensive, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and community- based approach" (Congress of the Philippines 2010, Sec- We distributed a structured survey questionnaire to 25 tion 6a) to disaster risk reduction and management in the employees of the local government units in the five com- Philippines. The framework reflects the idea that the ponent cities in Nueva Ecija, Philippines in September implementation of the thematic interventions will "sub- 2018. Two respondents were from each City Planning and stantially reduce loss of life and damage to social, eco- Development Office (CPDO) and three from each City nomic and environmental assets" (NDRRMC 201 1a, p. 3). Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office The guiding principles cited from the Integrated Local (CDRRMO). They are purposively chosen to participate in Development Planning Methodology of UNDP (2011) and the study for their direct involvement in the planning and 2 SpringerInt J Disaster Risk Sci Fig. 1 The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRM) for the mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction (DR) and climate change adaption (CCA) into national and local plans RISK FACTORS Hazards Exposures Vulnerabilities Capacnies H Pl'll'llllol'l & litigation 37] Safer adaptive and disaster resilient Filipino communltles toward sustainable development Rehabiitllion .0. Rmvery _. Mainstreaming BER and CCA in Planning and Implementation Rehabilitation a heavenly Rehabilitation 3 i Preparedness .Rupoou REM.\" Accountable environmental and natural resource management: Full awareness of the limitations of natural resources and environmentimprovement of environment and ensuring that important natural resources are safe and saved for future generations. Sustainability Reaching sustainable economy: Building a strong, dynamic, and sustainable economy that ensures the prosperity and opportunities for all, where environmental and social costs are borne by those who cause them and where efficient use ofresources is stimulated. Guiding princ development planning Building healthy and fair local community: Satisfying various needs of citizens, promoting personal security, social linkages and inclusion and enabling equal opponunities for all. iplcs for local Social inclusion Promoting good governance: promotion of effective and participatory management systemsengaging civic creativity and energy. Continuous Fig. 2 Dimensions of local development planning Source UNDP (201 preparation of the plan and for their capacity to provide the much-needed information on the topic under inquiry; therefore. increase the reliability of qualitative data (Tongco 2007). Furthermore. according to Palinkas et a1. (2015). purposive sampling is the widely-used technique for the identication and selection of information-rich cases even with limited resources. This is particularly applicable to our study given the limited human resources in the mentioned ofces at the time of data gathering. The selection criteria for the respondents are: (1) Per- manent employee of the CPDO and CDRRMO; (2) Having actual participation in the planning functions of their of- ces; and (3) Willing to participate in the study by answering the survey questionnaire and the interview questions. ln-depth interviews were conducted to 1). substantiate their responses to the questionnaires and to collect more information about the topic of this research. We made use of a self-made questionnaire with four parts. The research instrument aimed to solicit information on the different adaptation practices employed in the local government units as follows: (1) the city's disaster risk prole; (2) respondent's prole; (3) level of awareness on the climate variability and extremes experienced in the last decades; and (4) inclusion of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation to local development planning. To solicit the most appropriate response. various tech- niques were employed. For items 1. 2. and 4. the respon- dents were asked to write down the specic answer. check the box related to an option. tick yes or no. or rank their answers. For item 3. the respondents' level of awareness was measured using a ve-point Likert type scale. To test @ Springer 372 Gabriel et al. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Fig. 3 Map of Nueva Ecija Source Google Maps - Nampicuan 2 - Talugtug Quezon W 4 - Santo Domingo 5 - Talavera Carranglan 6 - General Mamerto Natividad 7 - Palayan Provincial capital Lupao Pantsban Damngan Cuyapo San Jose Pantabangan Munoz Rizal Guimba Llanera Bongabon Licab Aliaga Gabaldon Cabanatuan Laur Zaragoza Santa Rosa Jaen San 10 Antonio General Tinio 11 Gapar Cabiao 9 - San Leonardo San 18 27 36 10 - Penaranda Isidro 0 4.5 9 Kilometers the validity and reliability of the instrument, a pilot testing City B-Gapan City was first conducted on 19 November 2018 in five munic- City C-Palayan City palities of the province that are not covered by the study. City D-San Jose City City E-Science City of Munoz 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Disaster Risk Profile of Cities The study employed Spearman's rank correlation, a non- parametric test, to measure the degree of association The disaster risk as defined in the UNISDR (2015) Global between the variables on ordinal scale (Zhang et al. 2016). Assessment Report is reflected in an equation in which Each of the five cities was represented by five respondents. hazard is multiplied by exposure and vulnerability and then In terms of validity, the total sample size of 25 key divided by capacity or the level of preparedness. The informants is treated as a valid sample size or representa- variables in the equation were used to describe the disaster tive of the population of personnel with direct involvement risk profiles of the five component cities of Nueva Ecija. in the preparation of their respective CDPs. Also, it meets the minimum sample size requirement for Spearman's rank 3.1.1 Vulnerability correlation analysis as supported by the study of Bonett and Wright (2000). The Spearman's rank correlation was Vulnerability is the human dimension of disasters (Twigg interpreted based on Cohen's (1988) interpretation as fol- 2004). Just like exposure, it changes over time due to the lows: 0.10-0.29: Small/Weak; 0.30-0.49: Medium/ influence of factors such as rapid urbanization, environ- Moderate; 0.50-1.0: Large/Strong. The legend below is mental degradation, market conditions, and demographic used in the presentation and analysis of data: change (DFID 2004). One way to measure the vulnerability of an area is through its demographic characteristic in City A-Cabanatuan City terms of the denseness of the population. 2 SpringerInt J Disaster Risk Sci City A, in spite of having the greatest number of bar~ angays (89 barangays), is the most densely populated with 302,000 inhabitants, at a population density of 1571 per- sons per kmz. Because of this, more people are likely to be affected by a calamity or at risk to impact of disasters. It also has the highest vulnerability to natural hazards and disasters, predominantly ooding. Although population density is not the sole indicator of vulnerability, the data show that as the population increases, so does the vulner~ ability of the community to disasters because of the increase in the number of potential losses and sufferers when disaster strikes (Hinkel 2011). 3. I. 2 Exposure The degree of exposure of a community is affected by factors such as population growth, migration, urbanization, and economic development. The existence of more hazards also increases the likelihood of people suffering from economic losses (UNISDR 2009). The number of bar- angays exposed to hazards and the degree of their exposure based on past disaster experiences were determined using pertinent data available in the CDRRMO and CPDO of each city; and the analysis of the respondents' answers to the interview and survey questionnaire. The statistics are presented in Fig. 4. Almost all barangays of the component cities, except City C with high terrains, are exposed to the effects of typhoons, ooding, and earthquakes. At present, all cities are expanding their urban areas through the erection of more commercial and residential buildings. Unfortunately, these areas also have higher likelihood of incurring more economic losses once affected by calamities. City A, which is the most urbanized among the component cities, has the highest exposure to re hazards that is attributed to the presence of more commercial spaces and ammable materials in the area. Figure 5 shows the number of families that are usually affected by the identied hazards in the component cities. Available data in the LGU further conrms City A's higher Fig. 4 The number of 100 barangays exposed to hazards in each component city in Nuevrt 30 Ecija (City ACabanatuan; City B--Gapan; City C 50 Palaynn; City DSan Jose; City EScience City of 40 Muoz) Typhoon 89 89 49 37 33 33 42 1 15 3 1 x 657 5 4745 o Flooding IOWA lows nowc nowo leE 323 exposure to hazards due to its big population and the number of families residing in ooduprone areas. However, planning ofce from the same LGU did not provide the relevant data needed to cross-examine the exposure of other families to other hazards present in the city. 3. L3 Hazard/s Present The types of hazards experienced by the cities were determined through survey, interviews, and review of available records. The responses made by the respondents conrmed the type of hazards their locality are exposed to. Similar to the gure previously presented, all the cities experience typhoons (n : 25) and ooding (City A and E : 5, City C and D : 4, City B : 3). Other hazards such as landslides (City D = 2, City E = 4), liquefaction (City A = 1, City D : 2), and vehicular accidents (City D : 1) also emerged. Analysis of data from the survey and interviews revealed that there are cities with mountainous areas that are prone to landslides. In addition to measures imple~ mented for typhoons and ooding, these cities also have activities for management of landslides. Liquefaction, on the other hand, is common to communities near the sea or other waterbodies. Most cities (City B, C, and E) do not consider this as disaster risk. 31.4 Capacity It is important to emphasize people's capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from disasters, rather than simply focus on the vulnerability that limits them. Like vulnerability, capacity depends on social (social relations, leadership, management capacities), economic (partnership mechanisms), political (presence of institutionalized DRRM and planning ofces, hiring of personnel with technical know-how), psychological (human knowledge and skills), environmental (environmental policies and programs), and physical assets (equipage) and other good governance approaches (DFID 2004; UNISDR 2017). 12 3 D _ Others: Landslide Earthquake Fire Liquefaction @ Springer 374 Gabriel et al. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Fig. 5 The number of families exposed to hazards in 3,657 component cities of Nueva Ecija Others: Landslide 134 City A-Cabanatuan; City B- Gapan; City C-Palayan; City D-San Jose; City E-Science Liquefaction City of Munoz) 4,000 Fire 30 28,000 Earthquake 15,000 Flooding 1,250 30,200 28,000 Typhoon 128 8,000 90,000 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 1,00,000 City E City D City C City B City A Of all the cities, only City D (n = 5) was able to satisfy by the National DRRM Framework. Having received such all the following criteria: (1) institutionalized DRRM award also presupposes the positive capacity of LGUs and office; (2) availability of plantilla position for DRRM their compliance to other statutory requirements such as officers; (3) functional DRRM council; (4) equipage; (5) Accessibility Act, Fire Code, and Building Code. recipient of good governance awards such as Seal of Good One LGU (City C) still lacks plantilla or regular posi- Local Governance (SGLG) and Gawad KALASAG tion for DRRM officers. The DRRM officers are the people Kalamidad at Sakuna Labanan Sariling Galing ang with knowledge and expertise that are important for Kaligtasan); and (6) availability of Comprehensive ensuring the safety of the communities against hazards. It Development Plan (CDP), Local DRRM Plan (LDRRMP), is quite surprising that LGUs still do not have enough and Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP). The human resources with technical expertise on DRR-CCA city's big population, wide land area, experiences from eight years after the passage of Republic Act 10121. To previous calamities, and the political will of the present increase the coping capacity of the community, the iden- administration are among the factors that compel the local tified hazards should be considered in the local plans. government unit to comply with the mandates of Republic Favorably, all respondents agreed that all hazards previ- Act 10121 and prepare for disasters. Nonetheless, in spite ously mentioned were considered and incorporated in the the awards and compliance, the DRR system implemented LDRRMP, LCCAP, and CDP among others. The LGUs in the area is at the initial stage and the sustainability of the also invest in enhancing the capacity of personnel by plans formulated has not been established. Comparatively, appropriating funds for orientations, seminars, and train- City A almost meets the criteria except the SGLG award ings consistent with the dictum of the Weber's bureaucratic mainly because its revised Comprehensive Land Use Plan model where skills and expertise must be compatible with (CLUP) has not been approved and implemented. All of the the task to be performed (Serpa and Ferreira 2019). How- cities agreed that the programs and activities related to ever, the availability of plantilla item remains a common DRR-CCA incorporated on their CDPs are based on their issue across LGUs. previous disaster experiences. Two of the cities have been Gawad KALASAG awar- 3.1.5 Profile of City Planning and Development Office dees (City A and D). Gawad KALASAG is an award given CPDO) and City Disaster Risk Reduction to institutions, agencies, groups, and individuals with sig- and Management Office (CDRRMO) Planning nificant contribution on DRRM and humanitarian activi- Officers ties. All nominees are thoroughly screened. The documents submitted are reviewed and actual field validation is con- Local planners and DRRM officers are responsible for ducted. The validation process serves as a good tool for the setting the direction, development, implementation, and assessment of the LGUs' DRR and CCA initiatives guided coordination of programs and activities. Therefore, as 2 SpringerInt J Disaster Risk Sci managers. they must be knowledgeable on the planning process as they are part of the team that formulates and implements essential programs and activities. 31.5.} Plontilla Position The responses to both the survey questionnaire and the interview questions reect that while the LGUs have piontilla (regular/permanent positions) for CDRRMOs and CPDOs. the available posi- tions are limited. Common problems stem from factors such as: (1) lack of funds since the LGUs' budget is dependent on the Internal Revenue Allotments and savings; (2) the DRRM offices are institutionalized but some posi- tions are attached to the office of the Mayor; and (3) the Local Chief Executives have the nal say on who will be appointed for the key positions. In some LGUs. personnel are of temporary status (that is. those who are hired to perform functions in other ofce but given designation or additional duties in the CPDO or CDRRMO without additional compensation; contract workers; or those who have the same term of office as the local chief executive) since Republic Act 10121 only mandates four ptantillo (regular positions). At most. they are the trusted employees of the incumbent officials. There is also high staff turnover because of the tediousness of the nature of their work. Consequently. some positions are left vacant because of lack of qualied personnel with back- ground and experience related to the job. The findings are consistent with the study of Cuevas et al. (2015) where institutional capacity to cope with the challenges of climate change is hindered by the issue of human resources resulting from the implementation of fragmented laws and regulations in the country. 31.5.2 Work Experiences In terms of work experiences or length of tenure of officers who are in charge of the planning. the majority of the respondents (n : 12) said that they are working in the LGU for 10 years and above. Cities A. B. C. and E have respondents (n : 10) that occupy planning positions within 13 years. Only City A has personnel working in the LGU for less than a year. In terms of number of years in current position. most respondents (n = 10) hold their current positions for 13 years. Some are in their current positions for less than a year (n = 6). and 10 years and above (n : 4). Also. it is only City A and City D who have personnel in their current position for 46 years and 79 years respectively. 31.5.5 Trainings and Involvement of the Respondents on the F ormtiiation of Local Plans In terms of trainings and involvement of the respondents on the formulation of local plans. some of the respondents have not yet undergone comprehensive DRRCCA and planning-related trainings and lack knowledge and experience from previous disaster 375 events that they can use as bases in the formulation of much better multi~sectoral and needuspecic plans. All the respondents from City D have undergone train- ings on the planning related to the formulation of CDP. LDRRMP. and LCCAP. Respondents from City A and City B have not attended any training on comprehensive development planning. Comparatively. only one respon- dent from City A. B. and E (20% of the five respondents) have attended a climate change action planning training. Attendance to trainings and seminars related to their work and functions increases the capacity of LGU workers to deliver actual services to their constituents. Therefore. to develop the institution's capacity it would be better to train and enhance the capacities of the employees first. The sustainability of the plans. programs. projects. and activi- ties relies on the capacity of workers. 31.5.4 Level of Awareness of CPDO and CDRRMO Planning O'ieers Although directly involved in the for- mulation of plans. new local planners and DRRM ofcers said that they nd it difcult to digest the contents of existing guidelines. This is because the procedures and the guidelines are highly technical. Thus. they are encouraged to attend trainings and seminars especially those related to DRR and CCA (Table 1). In spite the high percentage of trained personnel and high involvement of respondents from cities A. D. and E in the formulation of plans. most of them said that they are \"very aware\" but not procient (extremely aware) on the mainstreaming of DRRCCA in the local development plan. The level of awareness of the respondents on the inclusion of DRR-CCA in the CDP was determined using a ve-point Likertntype scale questionnaire. The result of the analysis is quantied in Table 2. Awareness on the provisions of Republic Act 10121 got a mean response of 5 (City A). 4.2 (City E). 4 (City B). and 3.8 (City C and D). But the mean scores are lower when it comes to the provisions of the Act regarding the main- streaming of DRR and CCA in development process and policy formulation and budgeting (City A and E = 4.2; City D = 3.8; City C : 3.2; and City B : 2.8). In spite their direct involvement in the planning process. respondents from City B and C said that they are only \"moderately aware\" of the concept of mainstreaming. The information provided by the respondents support the idea that DRR mainstreaming in the province is in its initial stages. It also reects that the insufcient experience of the personnel and their limited knowledge of the concepts and procedures (existing policies. budget requirements. assessment process. and their actual applications) are essential to improve the quality of the plan and the public service as a whole. 4:22 Springer 376 Gabriel et al. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Table 1 Demographic profile of component cities in Nueva Ecija City A (Cabanatuan) City B (Gapan) City C (Palayan) City D (San Jose) City E (Science City of Munoz) Population 302,000 97,234 82,524 41,041 144,780 Number of Barangays 89 23 37 38 Density (per km?) 1571 591 506 405 778 Table 2 Level of awareness of the respondents on the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaption (DRR-CCA) in the Comprehensive Development Plan Level of awareness (weighted mean) City A City B City C City D City E (Cabanatuan) (Gapan) (Palayan) (San Science Jose) City of Munoz) a. Are you acquainted with Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine 5 4 3.8 3.8 4.2 DRRM Act of 2010? b. Do you have knowledge on the provisions of Republic Act 10121 4.2 2.8 3.2 3.8 4.2 regarding the mainstreaming of DRR-CCA in development process and policy formulation and budgeting? c. Do you have knowledge on how to mainstream DRR-CCA in the 4 2.5 3.67 3.6 4.4 local policies, plans, and budget? d. Are you aware of the Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment process? 3.4 2.75 3.75 3.6 4 e. Are you aware of the linkage between DRR-CCA and the 3.4 3.6 3.4 Comprehensive Development Plan? f. Are you acquainted with National Disaster Risk Reduction and 2.4 2.8 34 42 Management Council (NDRRMC), Department of Budget and Management (DBM), Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2013-1 regarding Allocation and Utilization of the Local DRRM Fund? g. Are you familiar with DBM, Climate Change Commission (CCC), 3.6 2.2 2.8 3 4.4 DILG Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2014-01 regarding Tagging/ Tracking Climate Change Expenditures in the Local Budget? h. TOTAL Weighted Mean 3.94 2.66 3.37 3.51 4.20 Verbal Interpretation Very aware Moderately Moderately Very Very aware aware aware aware 1-1.8 (Unaware), 1.81-2.60 (Slightly Aware), 2.61-3.40 (Moderately Aware), 3.41-4.20 (Very Aware), and 4.21-5.00 (Extremely Aware) 3.1.6 Inclusion of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate environmental conservation and good governance through Change Adaptation into the Comprehensive proper management of resources. Development Plan All the cities mentioned that they: (1) conduct risk assessment on a regular basis; (2) have available hazard, 3.1.6.1 Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Risk assess- vulnerability, capacity, and resource maps; (3) have a ment, hazard mapping, budget allocation, risk financing database of elements at risk; (4) have integrated/main- and insurance, flood control projects, and involvement of streamed disaster mitigation measures in the Comprehens people's organizations and vulnerable sectors in develop- sive Land Use Plan and Annual Investment Plan; (5) have ment planning are some of the elementary but crucial updated zoning ordinance, safety regulations, environ- measures that must be taken to prevent and mitigate dis- mental ordinances, environmental policies (infrastructure asters. Proactive implementation of such measures not only resilience, inspection, construction, maintenance); (6) promotes the welfare of the public but also fosters involve the nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), peo- ple's organizations (POs), women, youth, religious, 2 SpringerInt J Disaster Risk Sci business. and the other sectors (for example. farmers. urban poor. indigenous peoples. migrant workers. students. senior citizens. persons with disabilities); ('1) conduct hazard mapping. risk profiling/communitybased monitoring sys tem. construction. evaluation ofbuilding integrity; and (8) implement provisions on the prohibition of illegal settle ments on or near bodies of water. The respondents also said that their respective LGUs appropriate funds for the strengthening of the early warning system and flood control structures (dikes. dams). These activities are multirsectoral and multirfaceted. Ideally. these are among the basic measures that LGUs observe to mitigate or lessen the intensity and impact of disasters thus. the common answer of \"Yes\" in almost all items. Among the respondents. only one respondent from City A answered \"No\" when asked whether they conduct maintenance activities and whether these are included in the CDP. They do not include a separate maintenance activity for the prevention and mitigation phase since the bulk of the activity is done during rehabilitation and recovery phase. During the interview. the respondent also mentioned that most of their equipment are new and still under warranty. Allocation for their maintenance activities is included in the Annual Investment Plan and not funded through the CDP. This means that all cities have included in their CDP the activities that aim to prevent and mitigate the impact of disasters and climate change in their locali ties. This finding is supported by the secondary data col lected from the planning office of each city. 3.1. 6.2 Disaster Preparedness Republic Act 10121 mandates every LGU to implement the listed activities on a regular basis. All respondents agreed that the activities listed on the questionnaire must be conducted and com, pleted prior to the occurrence of natural hazards and dis asters that are often unpredictable. In terms of the inclusion of" DRR and CCA in the area of disaster preparedness. all live cities mentioned that they have (1) executive orderf resolution 1 ordinance organizing the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (CDRRMC); (2) regular council meetings; (3) funds for DRRCCA related trainings; (4) web page 1 Facebook page for DRRACCA related equipage and facilities; (5) inf'ori mation and education campaigns for DRR and CCA; (6) activities for the stockpiling and prepositioning of" relief goods; and (7) approved evacuation and contingency plans. They also conduct activities related to risk reduction including: (1) climateproofing of equipment and facilities; (2) coordination and partnership with other agencies; (3) creation of taskforce for the implementation of DRRCCA activities; (4) enactment of local environment ordinances; and (5) strict implementation of Building Code. Fire Code. 3'17 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (Republic Act 9003). The respondents' mean response of \"Yes\" on all items is consistent with the information collected in terms of awards received. training attended. and equipage. It appears that the five cities already have plans in place and are capable of dealing with the effects and impacts of disasters and climate variability. 3.1.6.3 Disaster Response The capacity of the LGUs to respond to a disaster is measured not only through the availability of both human and material resources but also on their capability to effectively mobilize key stakeholders. The respondents were asked whether they have internal systems in place such as realtime or endtoend reporting system. All the respondents from the five cities answered \"Yes.\" which is validated through review of supporting documents such as Incident Action Plans. Standard Oper ating Procedures. and written evacuation and relief distri bution protocols. among others. The respondents also agreed that their existing reporting and localized incident specific management systems standardize their rescue or response actions. However. most of the respondents said that not all plans are religiously updated. Nonetheless. they confirmed that it has only been 1 to 2 years ago since their plans were last updated and that those were still congruent with the contents of the CDP. 3.1.6.4 Disaster Rehabifimtirm and Recovery The mainstreaming of DRRCCA in the CDP in this thematic area employs the \"BuildBack Better\" principle of the national government. The responses of the respondents confirmed that the principle is translated into tangible activities to ensure that affected communities can return to their normal ways of living immediately after a calamity or disaster. Not all DRRACCA activities of the LGUs may be funded through the Annual Investment Plan due to budget limita tions. hence. major activities that are in accordance with the development thrusts of the local governments are mainstreamed into the CDP for funding and implementa tion. Apparently. all cities have included in their CDPs different rehabilitation and recovery programs. This is reflected in their mean response of \"Yes\" to all the ques tions on the survey. Based on their responses. the following activities are included in the CDP: (l) restoration and rehabilitation activities; (2) postdisaster needs assessment; (3) recovery plan; (4) volunteer rehabilitation works (food/cash for work); (5) shelter assistance; and (6) livelihood trainings. However. although included in the plan. the imple mentation relies on the availability of funds. result of post, disaster needs assessment. and damage reports. @ Springer 31% Gabriel et al. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Conversely. because not all cities experienced major calamitous events at the time of data gathering. they were not able to present recent supporting documents that will further triangulate the responses made by the city planners and DRRM ofcers. 31.7 Analysis on the Relationship Between Disaster Risk Prole and the In clasion of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaption into the Comprehensive Development Plan To make a more indepth analysis. this study looked into the signicant relationship between the capacity. exposure. vulnerability. and hazard of the areas covered in the study. These variables are depicted in the disaster risk prole of the ve component cities. The correlation between the data pertaining to the disaster risk prole and the inclusion of DRR-CCA to the Comprehensive Development Plan are also established using Spearman's rank correlation coef~ cient. Given the sample population of 25 and the dichotomous variables used in the analysis of data. the nominal measurements are converted into ordinal scales to satisfy the criteria for the use of the Spearman's rank correlation coefcient. The results generated from the analysis of variables are presented in Table 3. The analysis of the relationship between the inclusion of DRR and CCA into the CDP and the components of dis- aster risk revealed that as the capacity. exposure. and hazard of the community or LGU increases. so does the inclusion of DR and CCA into the CDP (strongly positive correlation of 0.67. 0.6. and 0.53). However. the context is different when it comes to the relationship between vulnerability and the inclusion of DRR and CCA into the CDP. Analysis of the variables revealed the inverse relationship between the two. While the respondents acknowledge the vulnerabilities (limited capacity to anticipate. cope with. resist. and recover from the impact of disasters) of their respective localities. they afrm that the LGUs include DR and CCA activities in the CDP. In spite not having technical expertise on the formulation of development and DRRM plans. the prime bases for inclusion are the previous disaster experiences Table 3 Results of the Spearman's rank correlation analysis and assessed needs of the hazardprone communities. Also considered in the development planning are the global warming trend and weather extremes. 4 Conclusion and Recommendations This study assessed the level of mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures into the Comprehensive Development Plan of the component cities in the province of Nueva Ecija in the Philippines. It also discussed how DRRCCA related policies and initia~ tives have evolved and continuously progress in response to the threats posed by the global warming. climate change. and human~made hazards. The responses of the personnel surveyed and inter viewed conrmed the type of hazards that their areas are exposed to. Almost all barangays of the component cities except City C with high terrains are exposed to the effects of typhoons. ooding. and earthquakes. At present. all cities are expanding their urban areas through the erection of more commercial and residential buildings. These urban areas are not spared from the natural hazards and unfor- tunately. have higher likelihood of incurring more eco~ nomic losses once hit by natural calamities due to the higher vulnerability associated with densely populated areas. Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into the local development planning process is considered rst line of defense to abate the negative consequences of the global warming of 1.5 C. While delving deeper into the level of mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into the local development planning of the component cities of Nueva Ecija. we found that each LGU is mandated under Republic Act 10121 to prepare a Comprehensive Devel~ opment Plan (CDP). a sixuyear or medium~term develop ment plan. and to integrate sectoral and thematic concerns. All of the cities also affirm that the programs and activities related to DRRwCCA mainstreamed into their CDPs are based on the communities' previous disaster experiences. Notwithstanding the compliance of. and the Correlation between the Inclusion of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaption (DRR-CCA] into the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) Capacity Exposure Vulnerability Hazard Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefcient (r5) r. : 0.6? r. = or: r. = ().3 r. = 0.53 @ Springer Int J Disaster Risk Sci 379 awards received by the LGUs, the DRR systems imple- References mented in their areas are at the initial stages. Moreover, the sustainability of the plans formulated has not been estab- Blakely, E.J., and N.G. Leigh. 2010. Planning local economic lished. Based on the findings, the personnel involved in the development: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. formulation of the local plans are either "moderately Bonett, D.G., and T.A. Wright. 2000. Sample size requirements for aware" or "very aware" of the technicalities involved in estimating Pearson Kendall and Spearman correlations. 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