Problem C. Associate each of the following statements with a specific operating system structure: Monolithic, Layered, Microkernel, or Modules.

Mach and Darwin (a Mac OS X kernel) are the examples of this structure.

This structure implements loadable kernel modules.

This structure has a distinct performance advantage with very little overhead in the system-call interface and fast communication within the kernel.

The kernel of the operating system adopting this structure has a set of core components and can link in additional services via loadable kernel modules, at boot time or during runtime.

A pure implementation of this structure has been seen in few operating systems although it has been successfully implemented in computer networks such as the TCP/IP model.

Many modern operating systems such as Linux, Solaris, macOS, and Windows implement this structure.

In this structure, user modules never directly communicate, but indirectly by exchanging messages with the microkernel via message passing. This causes a performance overhead.

Changes to one part of the system based on this structure can have wide-ranging effects on other parts.

In this structure, modules can directly communicate to the others over known interfaces without the need to invoke message passing via the kernel.

This structure places all of the functionality of the kernel into a single, static binary file that runs in a single address space.

In this structure, the operating system is divided into a number of layers, each built on top of lower layers. Each layer consists of data structures and a set of functions that can be invoked by higher layers, and each layer can invoke operations on lower layers.

In this structure, each module has defined, protected interfaces that allow any module to call any other module.

This structure removes all nonessential components from the kernel and implements them as user-level programs that reside in separate address spaces.

The original UNIX implements this structure.

Monolithic Structure:

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Layered Structure:

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Microkernel Structure:

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Modules Structure:

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