Problem#1

As part of a cross-country study on government institutions and criminality, two researchers asked449Americansthefollowingsurvey questions:

1. Howoftendoyouwalkaloneatnightinyourneighbourhood?
   1. Atleastonceperweek
   2. Lessthanonceperweekbutatleastoncepermonth
   3. Never,orlessthanoncepermonth

1. Inyouropinion, howwouldyouratethegeneralperformanceoftheUS justicesysteminterms ofcrimeprevention?
   1. Good
   2. Average
   3. Poor

Theauthorsofthestudywishtotestthehypothesisaccordingtowhichthese twoconceptsarelinked:inotherwords,thefactthatapersoniscomfortablewalkingaloneatnightinher/hisneighbourhoodiscorrelatedwiththegeneral performancethathe/she attributestothejustice system.Theresultsarepresentedinthefollowing table:

The general performance of the US justicesystemintermsofcrime prevention

Walkingalone at night	Poor	Average	Good	Total
Atleastonceper week	116	47	50	213
Lessthanonceperweekbutat leastoncepermonth	60	62	28	150
Never,orlessthanonceper month	48	26	12	86
Total	224	135	90	449

Chi-square=17.2,p=0.003

Measure of association Value

Cramer's V 0.13

Lambda 0.05

Gamma 0.04

Spearman'sRho 0.05

1. Which is the independent variable, and which is the dependent variable? be specific and briefly explain your reasoning.