Question 1 (Total marks 18) Perryman et al. (2016) study gender diversity, firm performance, risk, and executive compensation.

a. What types of accounting information are used in the variables of Perryman et al.'s (2016) study? (6 marks)

b. Show how the variables specified in hypothesis 1 and 2 could be displayed in one diagram, which illustrates the independent and dependent variables for each hypothesis. (5 marks)

c. Explain Figure 1 in Perryman et al.'s (2016). (4 marks)

d. Explain whether Perryman et al.'s (2016) study is quantitative or qualitative and the basis for your conclusion. (3 marks)

Question 2 (Total marks 20) Agency theory is used to explain several aspects of accounting.

a. Briefly describe agency theory and its key assumptions regarding the motivations of principals and agents. (8 marks)

b. In your opinion, how realistic are the assumptions regarding the motivations of principals and agents as outlined in agency theory? (6 marks)

c. Discuss how agency theory explains the need for financial accounting. (6 marks)

Question 3 (Total marks 26) Refer to the study by Irawanto (2015).

a. What are the advantages of employee participation in budgeting? (6 marks)

b. Irawanto (2015, p. 160) refers to the Indonesian cultural dimensions of high power distance, high ambiguity avoidance and a feminist culture, stating they could possibly limit employees' participation in budgeting. Discuss these three cultural dimensions and explain why they might be expected to reduce employees' likelihood of participating in budgeting in the Indonesian context. (12 marks)

c. What trends in Indonesia does Irawanto (2015) put forward to suggest these cultural dimensions (identified in 3b) may not limit employees' willingness to participate in budgeting in Indonesia? (4 marks)

d. Irawanto (2015) found that younger employees had greater involvement in all aspects of decision making. While Irawanto (2015) does not offer an explanation, why do you think that younger employees had greater involvement in decision making? (4 marks)

Question 4 (Total marks 30) Nguyen and Nugyen (2020) studied the audit expectation gap in Vietnam. Read their study and answer the following questions.

a. Describe the audit expectation gap? (6 marks)

b. The research methodology section of the paper states 'qualitative research is combined with quantitative research'. What information do the authors provide about how they undertook the qualitative part of the research? (4 marks)

c. What additional information could be added to the 'data collection' section of the paper to provide useful information to readers? (8 marks)

d. What extra information could be added to make Table 1 and its discussion more understandable? (6 marks)

e. What are three improvements/additions that could be made to the conclusion section of the study? (6 marks)

Appropriate use of in text referencing and a reference list that follows Harvard referencing. (6 marks)

References

Irawanto, DW 2015, 'Employee participation in decision making: Evidence from state owned enterprise in Indonesia', Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 159-72.

Nguyen, HT & Nugyen, AH 2020, 'Audit expectation gap: Empirical evidence from Vietnam', The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 51-60.

Perryman, AA, Fernando, GD & Tripathy, A 2016, 'Do gender differences persist? An examination of gender diversity on firm performance, risk, and executive compensation', Journal of Business Research, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 579-86. The references can be accessed through the ACC8000 Course Readings in the Welcome tab.