Question 2: (Modern Bank Runs)Consider a simple bank that has assets of 100, capital of 20, and short-term credits (e.g., one-month term deposits) of 80. Short-term credit must be repaid or rolled over (borrowed again) when it comes due.

1. a)Set up this bank's balance sheet.
2. b)Suppose the perceived value of the bank's assets falls. If lenders are nervous about the
3. solvency of the bank, will they be willing to continue to provide short-term credit to the
4. bank at low interest rates?
5. c)Assuming that the bank cannot raise additional capital, how can it raise the funds necessary
6. to repay its debt coming due? If many banks are in this position at the same time (and if banks hold similar kinds of assets), what will likely happen to the value of the assets of these banks? How will this affect the willingness of lenders to provide short-term credit?

Question 3: (The Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) in the United States)Consider a bank that has assets of 100, capital of 20, and short-term credit of 80. Part of the bank's assets are securitized assets whose value depends on the price of houses. These assets have a value of 50. The remaining assets are loans.

a) Set up the bank's balance sheet.

Suppose that as a result of a housing price decline, the value of the bank's securitized assets falls by an uncertain amount, so that these assets are now worth somewhere between 25 and 45. Call the securitized assets "troubled assets." The value of the other assets remains at 50. As a result of the uncertainty about the value of the bank's assets, lenders are reluctant to provide any short-term credit to the bank.

b) Given the uncertainty about the value of the bank's assets, what is the range in the value of the bank's capital?

As a response to this problem, the government considers purchasing the troubled assets, with the intention of reselling them again when the markets stabilize. (This is the original version of TARP.)

c) If the government pays 25 for the troubled assets, what will be the value of the bank's capital? How much would the government have to pay for the troubled assets to ensure that the bank's capital does not have a negative value? If the government pays 45 for the troubled assets, but the true value turns out to be much lower, who bears the cost of this mistaken valuation? Explain.

Suppose, instead of buying the troubled assets, the government provides capital to the bank by buying ownership shares, with the intention of reselling the shares again when the markets stabilize. (This is what TARP ultimately became.) The government exchanges treasury bonds (which become assets for the bank) for ownership shares.

1. d)Suppose the government exchanges 25 of government bonds for ownership shares. Assuming the worst-case scenario (so that the troubled assets are worth only 25), set up the new balance sheet of the bank. (Remember that the firm now has three assets: 50 of untroubled assets, 25 of troubled assets, and 25 of government bonds.) What is the total value of the bank's capital? Will the bank be insolvent?
2. e)Given your answers and the material in the text, why might recapitalization be a better policy than buying the troubled assets?