Question 2: WACC Estimation (the questions was referenced and revised from Financial Management textbook of Nelson Publishing)

The balance sheet for Aurora Equipment Implements Inc is provided below along with other selected financial data.

Balance Sheet as at December 31, 2020 ($ millions)

Cash	$10	Accounts payable	$10
Accounts Receivable	20	Accruals	10
Inventory	20	Short term debt	5
Total current assets	50	Total current liabilities	25
		Long-term debt	20
Plant and equipment (net)	38	Preferred stock	3
		Common equity	10
		Retained earnings	30
Total Assets	$88	Total liabilities and equity	$88

The facts given:

1. Short term debt consists of bank loans that currently cost 10%, with interest payable quarterly. These loans are used to finance receivables and inventories in a seasonal basis, so in the off-season, bank loans are zero.
2. The long term debts consist of 20-years, semi-annual payment mortgage bond with a coupon rate of 8%. Currently these bonds provide a yield to investors of rd=7%. Of new bonds were sold, they would yield investors 7%.
3. The firms perpetual preferred stock has a $25 par value, pays a quat4rly dividend of $0.45, and has a yield to investors of 6.5%. New perpetual preferred would have to provide the dame yield to investors and the company would incur a 5% flotation cost to sell them.
4. The company has 4 million shares of common stock outstanding. P0=$20, but the stock has recently traded in the range od $17 to $23. D0=$1 and EPS0=$2. ROE based om average equity was 24% in 2015, but management expects to increase this return on equity to 30%; however security analysists are nor aware of managements optimism in this regards.
5. Betas, as reported by security analyst, range from 1.7 to 1.7; the government bond rate is 5%. Brokerage house reports forecast growth rate in the range of 4% to 8% over the forecastable future. However, some analysis does not explicitly forecast growth rates, but they indicate to their clients that they expect Auroras historical trends. As shown in the table in fact (9), to continue.
6. At a recent conferences, Auroras financial vice president polled some pension fund investment managers on the minimum rate of return they would have to expect pm Auroras common to make them willing to buy the common rather than Aurora bonds, when the bonds yield 7%. The responses suggested a risk premium over Aurora bonds of 3 to 5 percentage points.
7. Aurora in in the 30% tax bracket.
8. Aurora principal investment banker, J&J Company predicts a decline in interest rats, with rd falling to 6% and the government bond rate to 4%, although J&J acknowledge that an increase in the expected inflation rare could lead to an increase rather than a decrease in rates.
9. Here is the historical record of EPS and DPS.

Year	EPS	DPS	Year	EPS	DPS
2006	$0.09	$0.00	2014	$0.78	$0.00
2007	-0.2	0.00	2015	0.80	0.00
2008	0.40	0.00	2016	1.20	0.20
2009	0.52	0.00	2017	0.95	0.40
2010	0.10	0.00	2018	1.30	0.60
2011	0.57	0.00	2019	1.60	0.80
2012	0.61	0.00	2020	2.00	1.00
2013	0.70	0.00

Assume that you are a recently hired financial analysist and that your boss, the treasurer, has asked you to estimate the companys WACC. Assume no new equity will be issues. Your cost of capital should be appropriate for use in evaluating projects that are in the same risk class as the firms average assets now on the books.

Write a report including the overall WACC calculation ( 4marks) , the rational of WACC different (2 marks), approaches in estimating equity costs different (2 marks), the common mistakes people make when estimating WACC , the pros and cons (2 marks),, and give your comments on Auroras capital structure(2 marks).