Question:

In the article by Gadd and Phipps (2012), they refer to the challenges faced by psychological and, specifically, neuropsychological assessment. Their study focused on a preliminary standardisation of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (a non-verbal measure) for Setswana-speaking university students. The US normative sample is described as participants (N = 899) from both genders who were screened beforehand to exclude individuals with a history of neurological, learning, emotional and attention difficulties. The South African sample consisted of university students (N = 93) from both genders, between the ages of 18 and 29, who were screened in terms of hearing and visual impairments and any history of psychiatriceurological difficulties. The latter was done to prevent contamination of the results by these variables. The students were from the University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus. Answer Questions 1 to 5.

Question 5

Gadd and Phipps (2012) found that the results of the South African sample on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test did not resemble a normal distribution and could not be converted to a normal distribution. This implies that the ...

(1) mean performance of this sample cannot be calculated

(2) standard deviation will differ below and above the mean

(3) mean and standard deviation do not provide a predetermined distribution of performance

(4) results cannot be replicated

Would 1 be the correct answer?

Consider a Markov chain {Xn : n = 0, 1, 2, ...} with state space {1, 2, 3} and one-step transition probability matrix O NIH NIH P = O 0 O (a) Mark O or X: ( ) The Markov chain is irreducible. ( ) The Markov chain is aperiodic. ( ) The Markov chain is transient. ( ) The Markov chain is recurrent. ( ) The Markov chain is null recurrent. ( ) The Markov chain is ergodic. (b) Calculate P(X5 = 1/X2 = 1). (c) Find limn + P(Xn = 1/X2 = 1).For each of the following transition matrices, determine whether the Markov chain with that transition matrix is regular: (1) Is the Markov chain whose transition matrix whose transition matrix is 1 0.2 0.8 0 0 regular? (Yes or No) (2) Is the Markov chain whose transition matrix whose transition matrix is 0 1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0 1 regular? (Yes or No) (3) Is the Markov chain whose transition matrix whose transition matrix is 0 0 0.8 0 0.2 0.8 0.2 0 regular? (Yes or No) (4) Is the Markov chain whose transition matrix whose transition matrix is 0 1 0.8 0 0.2 0 1 0 regular? (Yes or No)1. Consider the Markov chain with state space {0, 1, 2} and transition matrix 1 2 P = HO 2 (a) Suppose Xo = 0. Find the probability that X2 = 2. (b) Find the stationary distribution of the Markov chain. (c) What proportion of time does the Markov Chain spend in state 2, in the long run? (d) Suppose X5 = 1. What is the expected additional number of steps (after time 5) until the first time the Markov chain will return to state 1