Question

Julio conducted a study on how bird activity is affected by the number of butterflies around the birds' habitat. He determined that the relationship had a weak, negative association. He concluded that more butterflies around caused the bird activity to decrease. Is his conclusion valid? Explain.

a. Julio's conclusion is valid because association does imply causation.

b. Julio's conclusion is not valid because causation does not imply association.

c. Julio's conclusion is valid because causation does imply association.

d. Julio's conclusion is not valid because association does not imply causation.