Alcohol and infant malformation Data from a prospective study of maternal drinking and congenital malformations (Agresti, 1996). After the first three months of pregnancy, the women in the sample completed a questionnaire about alcohol consumption. Following childbirth, observations were recorded on the presence or absence of congenital sex organ malformations. A chi-square was used to determine significant difference in the congenital sex organ malformations. Below are the data using SPSS. CONSUMPT 0 Total Display 3.17 Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Rato Fishers Exact Test less than 1 1 to 2 Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valld Cases CONSUMPT MALFORMA Crosstabulation 3 to 5 6 or more Count % within CONSUMPT Count % within CONSUMPT Count % within CONSUMPT Count % within CONSUMPT Count % within CONSUMPT Count % within CONSUMPT af Chi-Square Tests Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Absent 4 1 MALFORMA 17066 99.7% 14464 99.7% 788 99.4% 126 99.2% 37 97.4% 32481 99.7% 2017 .185 Present 176 Cross-tabulation of infant malformation by alcohol consumption. Exact Sig (2-sided) 3% 38 3% 5 .6% 1 .8% 1 2.6% Value 12.082 6.202 10.458 1.828 32574 a. 3 cells (30.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .11. D. The standardized statistic is 1.352. 034 .133 033 179 93 .3% Total 17114 100.0% 14502 100.0% 793 100.0% 127 100.0% 38 100.0% 32574 100.0% Exact Sig. (1-sided) 106 Point Probability 028 What is the relationship between the reliability and validity? Why is reliability and validity being important to the research process, and how are they generally understood from either quantitative or a qualitative research perspective?