Question Topic Occurrence of Disease Pandemics and how these are affecting our living Background Material For the Assignment(outline only) It is estimated that around 70 of EIDs(emerging infectious diseases), and almost all recent virus pandemics(anepidemicof aninfectious disease), originate in animals, (the majority in wildlife) 1 Disease emergence correlates with human population density and wildlife diversity, and is driven by anthropogenic changes such as deforestation and expansion of agricultural land (i e , land use change), intensification of livestock production(use of methods to increase meat production per animal) and increased hunting and trading of wildlife Efforts to rapidly expand and intensify livestock production run the risk of expanding the wildlife livestock human interface, which enables pathogen(a pathogen 2 is an organism that causes disease upon entering the body) Over use of environmental resources, including the loss of biodiversity, lead to negative externalities, such as the emergence of novel pathogens Table Viruses origination from Human Animal interaction Recent Infectious Pandemics Pandemics Transmission from animals to human( and vice Versa) Ebola and AIDS Bushmeat hunting and the associated trade in wildlife have contributed to the emergence of novel infectious diseases such as Ebola and HIV AIDS MERS CoV MERS CoV has been found in camel populations of Eastern Africa and the Middle East It is transmitted through importation and trading of live animals from Sub Saharan Africa MERS CoV emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and caused an epidemic in the Middle East SARS It is believed that bats and palm civets were the natural and intermediate reservoirs for SARS CoV, respectively, and that SARS CoV transmitted from palm civets to humans in an animal market in Southern China COVID 19 COVID 19, the disease caused by the novelcoronavirus, likely began ina wet market in Wuhan, China Genetic sequence data reveal that SARS CoV 2 is a close relative of other CoV found circulating in Rhinolophus bat(Horse Bat)population(WHO 2020) Wet markets are places where people can buy a variety of live animals for consumption Globally diverse IAVs(influenza A virus) are widely distributed in wild aquatic birds and other shore birds, most particularly Anseriformes (e g , ducks) and Charadriiformes (e g , gulls) HINI flue originated from Chicken farms and later spread to Swines

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Question/Topic: Occurrence of Disease Pandemics and how these are affecting our living Background Material For the Assignment(outline only) It is estimated that around 70% of

Question/Topic: Occurrence of Disease Pandemics and how these are affecting our living

Background Material For the Assignment(outline only) It is estimated that around 70% of EIDs(emerging infectious diseases), and almost all recent virus pandemics(anepidemicof aninfectious disease), originate in animals, (the majority in wildlife)^[1]. Disease emergence correlates with human population density and wildlife diversity, and is driven by anthropogenic changes such as deforestation and expansion of agricultural land (i.e., land-use change), intensification of livestock production(use of methods to increase meat production per animal) and increased hunting and trading of wildlife. Efforts to rapidly expand and intensify livestock production run the risk of expanding the wildlife-livestock-human interface, which enables pathogen(a pathogen^[2] is an organism that causes disease upon entering the body). Over- use of environmental resources, including the loss of biodiversity, lead to negative externalities, such as the emergence of novel pathogens.

Table: Viruses origination from Human Animal interaction

Recent Infectious Pandemics

Pandemics	Transmission from animals to human( and vice Versa)
Ebola and AIDS	Bushmeat hunting and the associated trade in wildlife have contributed to the emergence of "novel" infectious diseases such as Ebola and HIV/AIDS
MERS-CoV	MERS-CoV has been found in camel populations of Eastern Africa and the Middle East. It is transmitted through importation and trading of live animals from Sub-Saharan Africa. MERS-CoV emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and caused an epidemic in the Middle East.
SARS	It is believed that bats and palm civets were the natural and intermediate reservoirs for SARS-CoV, respectively, and that SARS-CoV transmitted from palm civets to humans in an animal market in Southern China
COVID-19	COVID-19, the disease caused by the novelcoronavirus, likely began ina "wet market"**in Wuhan, China. Genetic sequence data reveal that SARS-CoV-2 is a close relative of other CoV found circulating in Rhinolophus bat(Horse Bat)population(WHO 2020).

**Wet markets are places where people can buy a variety of live animals for consumption

Globally diverse IAVs(influenza A virus) are widely distributed in wild aquatic birds and other shore birds, most particularly Anseriformes (e.g., ducks) and Charadriiformes (e.g., gulls). HINI flue originated from Chicken farms and later spread to Swines.