Read the following essay, then answer the questions on page three, using your knowledge of IEEE documentation.

Biological Clocks:

The Body's Internal Timepieces

(excerpt)

1. Life in modern technological societies is built around timepieces. People set clocks on their smartphones, microwave ovens, PVRs, and electric coffee makers. Students respond to bells that start and end the school day as well as dividing it into blocks of time. Almost everyone relies on clocks to manage time well. While carefully managing the minutes and hours each day, people are often encouraged or forced by current styles of family and work life to violate another kind of time: their body's time. Biological clocks, which are also known as circadian cycles, are a significant feature of human design that greatly affect personal and professional lifestyles.

2.The term 'circadian,' which is Latin for 'about a day,' describes the rhythms of people's internal biological clocks. Circadian cycles are in tune with external time cycles such as the twenty-four-hour period of the earth's daily rotation as signaled by the rising and setting of the sun. Usually, humans set their biological clocks by seeing these cycles of daylight and darkness. Studies conducted in caves or similar environments that allowed researchers to control light and darkness have shown that most people create cycles slightly over twenty-four hours when they are not exposed to natural cycles of day and night [1], [2]. Human perception of the external day-night cycle affects the production and release of a brain hormone, melatonin, which is important in initiating and regulating the sleep-wake cycle, as Alfred Lewy and other scientists at the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, have found [3].

3. An individual's lifestyle reflects that person's own circadian cycle. Scientists group people as "larks" or "owls" based on whether individuals are more efficient in the morning or at night. The idea behind the labels is that "in nature certain animals are diurnal, active at night. The 'morning lark' and 'night owl' connotations typically are used to categorize the human extremes"

"Larks" who must stay up late at night and "owls" who must awaken early in the morning experience mild versions of the disturbances, called 'jet lag,' that time-zone travelers often encounter. Travel researcher Phillip Bonner explains that jet lag, a condition characterized by fatigue and irregular sleep patterns, results from a disruption of circadian rhythms, a common problem among people who travel great distances by air to different time zones:

"Jet lag syndrome is the inability of the internal body rhythm to rapidly resynchronize after sudden shifts in the timing" [5].

5 Interestingly, research shows that the number of flying hours is not the cause of jet lag. Rather, as sleep researcher Richard Coleman reports in Wide Awake at 3 a.m.: By Choice or by Chance?, "the number, rate, and direction of time zone changes are the critical factors in determining the extent and degree of jet lag symptoms" [6]. Eastbound travelers find it harder to adjust than westbound travelers because traveling east forces people to go to bed before their biological clocks are ready for them to do so [6].

6 Another group that suffers greatly from biological clock disruptions consists of people whose livelihoods depend on erratic schedules. This situation affects twenty to thirty million U.S. workers whose work schedules differ from the usual morning starting time and afternoon or early evening ending time [7]. Charles Czeisler, director of the Center for Circadian and Sleep Disorders at Brigham and Woman's Hospital in Boston, reports that twenty-seven percent of the American workforce does shift work [8]. Shift work can mean, for example, working from 7:00 am to 3:00 p.m. for six weeks, from 3:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. for six weeks, and from 11:00p.m. to 7:00 a.m. for six weeks. Many shift workers endure stomach and intestinal-tract disorders, and, on average, they have three times higher risk of heart disease than non-shift workers [9]. In a 1999 report to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Czeisler states that "police officers, [medical] interns, and many others who work nights perform poorly and are involved in more on-the-job accidents than their daytime counterparts" [10].

7 Other researchers confirm that safety is at risk during late-shift hours [10]. In a study by Czeisler of twenty-eight medical interns observed during late night shifts over a one-year period, twenty-five percent admitted to falling asleep while talking on the phone, and thirty-four percent had at least one accident or near-death accident during that period [11].

(CONTINUED)

Reference List:

[1] T. Allis & M. Haerderle, "Ace in the hole: Stephania Follini never caved in." People, p. 52, July 3, 2003.

[2] J. Enright, The Timing of Sleep and Wakefulness. Berlin: Springer-Verlang, 2006.

[3] A. Winfree, The Timing of Biological Clocks. New York: Freeman, 2004

[4] "Are you a day or night person?" USA Today Magazine, p.11, March 2005.

[5] P. Bonner, "Travel rhythms," Sky magazine,pp. 72-73, July 2004.

[6] R. Coleman, Wide Awake at 3:00 a.m.: By Choice or by Chance? New York: Freeman, 2003.

[7] R. Weiss, "Safety gets the short shrift on long night shifts," Science News p. 37, July 4^th 2005.

[8] S. Binkley, The Clockwork Sparrow. New Jersey: Prentice, 1999.

[9] R. Bingham, The Time of Our Lives. [DVD]. United States: PBS

Pictures, 2002.

[10] S. Chollar, "Safe solutions for night work," Psychology Today, p.26, July 2007.

[11]. R. Weiss, Accidents in the Workplace. Toronto: Random House, 2005.

ENL Communications

Documentation

IEEE Format Exercise

Read through the student paper "Biological Clocks: The Body's Internal Timepieces" and answer the following questions.

1. How many sources does the writer summarize when she/he asserts "Studies conducted in caves or similar environments that allowed researchers to control light and darkness have shown that most people create cycles slightly over twenty-four hours when they are not exposed to natural cycles of day and night?" What kind of sources are these? (paragraph 2)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What did Winfree write? When and where was it published? (paragraph 2)

___winfree wrote The Timing Of Biological Clocks in the year of 2004 at New York. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What source does the writer use to present the categories of "morning lark" and "night owl?" (paragraph 3)

_The source of it is a magazine and haven't write the author since it is unknown.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why does the citation [6] appear twice? (paragraph 5) (It is the same answer as for citation [10] which appears in paragraphs 6 and 7)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. In the paper, why are there no quotation marks around Charles Czeisler's report that "twenty-seven percent of the U.S. workforce does shift work?" From where did the writer get this information? (paragraph 6)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Why is there no page number within the citation of the source The Time of Our Lives? (paragraph 6)

_Since the notion is being rephrased in the writers' words, there are no quotations. Blinkley S, who wrote "The Clock and the Sparrow," provided this information to the author.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Why is the word "medical" in square brackets? (paragraph 6)

_According to the experts, Roger Bingham is a well known author, producer and director. In which, experts noted that one of his work that he was also the producer was the seriesFrontiers of the Mind.Additionally, experts noted that this series includes programs such as titledThe Addicted Brain, The Sexual Brain, The Time of Our Lives, and Inside Information".Moreover, experts noted noted that these programs had been broadcasted and air to some countries.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Who wrote "Ace in the Hole: Stefania Follini Never Caved In?" How long is the article? (References)

_Based on the 6th paragraph you provided, the square brackets were used on the word medical to clarify what the writer means about the word "intern". It means that the intern the writer were talking about is working specifically on a medical field alone.

The writer read this report thoroughly and made sure to use the word [medical] to emphasize the line of work the interns are doing. The writer used it to make the report clear and easy for the reader to understand.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________