Removal refers to a process in which:

a$.$ a case is heard only by a judge, wherein the judge acts as both trier of law and trier of fact.

b$.$ a case is moved from state court to federal court under diversity jurisdiction.

C$.$ a petition is filed with a Supreme Court arguing why the case should be heard.

d$.$ a case is sent back from a court of appeals to a trial court for reconsideration.

e$.$ a court allows indigent litigants to proceed without paying any fees.