SECTION A [100 MARKS] Read the article below and answer ALL the questions that follow. Why African start-ups are now on the acquisition trail By Tom Jackson Investments in African startups are on the up year-on-year, with funding flooding into a variety of countries and a large selection of sectors. The annual Disrupt Africa African Tech Startups Funding Report tracks the growing investor interest in the continents tech scene, but it also tracks acquisitions and exits each year. This tells a less coherent story. There were only five acquisitions of African tech startups in 2017, the same as in 2015, and for less than in 2016. Acquirers are certainly interested in the space, but it seems that it is not yet mature enough for it to be recording multiple exits on a regular basis. This is surely something that will change over time. When startups buy startups What is happening, however, is African startups becoming acquirers themselves. In February, Lenyas BitPesa, which raised two funding rounds last year to take its total secured investment to around the $10 million mark, bought Spain-based online money transfer platform Transfer Zero. Ghanaian marketing startup Kudobuzz has made two acquisitions this year, buying e-commerce product Retail Tower and advert creation tool Ad Geek. This was a process begun by Nigerian on-demand delivery startup Metro Africa Express (MAX) late in 2016 when it acquired Lagos-based Easy appetite. But why is this happening, even before the African tech startup space has matured to the point where startups are serious targets for more major acquirers. Bit Pesa chief executive officer (CEO) Elizabeth Rossiello says the Transfer Zero acquisition came about as the Spanish firm was a Bit Pesa customer and the two teams had a strong working relationship. The acquisition came out of the realization that we could be more successful working together and combining our assets, she said. That said, it was still a very big deal for an African tech startup to buy out a European one. Im not sure what the numbers are, but there are very few small African startups that have grown in the last few years to purchase a European payments company. It takes a lot of corporate governance, financing, compliance and legal work to complete an acquisition, says Rossiello. There is a lot of operational execution required in the months afterwards to ensure optimization of the new assets. We are really proud of our teams work and achieving this milestone event. She says she sees a number of such consolidations occurring over the next few years as certain sectors slim down. Spaces such as fintech, for example, are crying out for consolidation, with significant stakeholders preaching its necessity. The Finnovating for Africa report released last year by Disrupt Africa, for example, found there were 125 payments and remittances startups active across Africa and 31 in Nigeria alone. Mergers, acquisitions, and alas closures are necessary and inevitable as the space evolves. There has been a long period of innovation and entrepreneurship, but there is a lot of overlap that is not efficient, Rossiello said.

QUESTION 4 (20 Marks) The famous IPhone manufacturer Apple uses both backward and forward integration strategies in its business operations. Apple has its own software, hardware and retail stores. In the context of the above statement, critically analyse the different alternative strategies (Integration strategies) used by Apple Inc.

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