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1. Which of the following is a true statement regarding the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) in cyberspace?

1. Article 2(4) of the U.N. Charter requires nations to refrain from threats or use of force including espionage and all types of cyber attacks
2. Articles 39 and 42 of the U.N. Charter give power to the U.N. Security Council to declare breaches to international peace and security, which the Council has used to regulate "cyberaggression" including after North Korean cyber attacks
3. The LOAC does not apply to cyberspace
4. International law requires that for self-defense to be permissible, there must be an attack "so egregious that the victim would be justified" in responding in kind

2. Which of the following is not a true statement about how the international legal system differs from the Korean legal system:

1. The Korean Judicial Branch is composed of a system of Supreme Court of Korea and a number of lower courts; the international legal system includes the International Court of Justice as well as many specialized tribunals and courts
2. The international legal system is basically the same as the Korean legal system since
3. The Korean Executive Brach is composed of the President; the international legal system lacks an enforcer, but the closest analogue is the United Nations Security Council
4. The Korean Legislative Branch is composed of a National Assembly; the UN General Assembly fulfills this function in the international legal system, though its decisions are non-binding

3. Assume that Chung Eui-yong, the Director of the National Security Office, receives actionable intelligence that a major cyber attack is planned on Korean networks within the next hour.The Director advocates to President Moon Mae-in that Korea should launch a preemptive strike.Under the Caroline criteria, such a strike must meet all the following characteristics, except

1. It must strike a necessary target that makes a direct contribution to the enemy's war effort
2. The defensive act must use the same means as the planned offensive strike, i.e., a cyber attack must be used in this case and not a kinetic attack such as a missile strike
3. The attack must be weighed such that it is proportional collateral damage is minimized
4. The threat must be imminent

4. All the following are implications of nations practicing the effects principle in cyberspace, except One nation accusing another of allowing its unsecured computers to be used in order to make a botnet to launch a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack against a domestic company

1. One nation accusing another of allowing spammers to use its networks to "pollute" networks with unwanted information and solicitations
2. All of the above are examples of how the effects principle applies in cyberspace
3. None of the above are examples of how the effects principle applies in cyberspace
4. One nation refusing to extradite a cybercriminal accused of hacking civilian critical infrastructure to another nation

5. All of the following are important sources of international law, except:

1. Local trial court judicial decisions
2. Custom
3. General Principles
4. Treaties

6. All of the following are elements of the common heritage of mankind concept, except:

1. Representatives from all nations should manage common resources
2. There can be little to no private or public appropriation of the commons
3. No military activities whatsoever are allowed in commons areas
4. All nations must actively share in the benefits acquired through exploitation of the common heritage region