1. Serum Carotenoids and Risk of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Southwestern American Indian Women (Melissa A.Schiff,Ruth E.Patterson,Richard N.Baumgartner,MaryMasuk,Lindavan Asselt-King,Cosette M.WheelerandThomas M.Becker, Published November 2001, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention)

Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate the association between serum carotenoids and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among Southwestern American Indian women. Cases were American Indian women with biopsy-proven CIN II/III cervical lesions (n= 81) diagnosed between November 1994 and October 1997. Controls were American Indian women from the same clinics with normal cervical epithelium (n= 160). All of the subjects underwent interviews and laboratory evaluations. Interviews evaluated demographic information, sexual history, and cigarette smoking. Serum concentrations of -carotene, -carotene, -cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Cervical human papillomavirus infection was detected using a PCR-based test. Increasing levels of -carotene, -cryptoxanthin, and lutein/zeaxanthin were associated with decreasing risk of CIN II/III. In addition, the highest tertiles of -cryptoxanthin (odds ratio = 0.39, 95% confidence interval = 0.17-0.91) and lutein/zeaxanthin (odds ratio = 0.40, 95% confidence interval = 0.17-0.95) were associated with the lowest risk of CIN. In conclusion, specially targeted intervention efforts to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables may protect Southwestern American Indian women from developing CIN.

1. Estimate the selection criteria for cases
2. Explain the results of the study using odds ratios
3. Determine the exposure and outcome