Stat 95 SPSS Assignment: Comparing Two Means using the Independent-samples t test 1. This exercise is taken from the textbook exercises in your syllabus, exercise 7.45. Z tests are often used when a researcher wants to compare his or her sample to known population norms. The Graded Naming Test (GNT) asks respondents to name objects in a set of 30 black-andwhite drawings. The test, often used to detect brain damage, starts with easy words like kangaroo and gets progressively more difficult , ending with words like sextant. The GNT population norm for adults in England is 20.4. Roberts (2003) wondered whether a sample of Canadian (hooray for Canada!) adults had different scores from adults in England. If they were different, the English norms would not be valid for use in Canada (hooray for Canada!). The mean for 30 Canadian adults was 17.5. For the purposes of this exercise, assume the standard deviation of the adults in England was 9.2. a. Conduct all six steps of a z test. Please label each step explicitly! b. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for these data. c. Calculate the effect size, Cohen's d, for these data and interpret the result in complete sentences (e.g., \"Small effect size.\" Is not acceptable; \"The small effect size means that X is lower than Y but not sufficiently lower that it would require action,\" is better) 2. Peggy wants to know if her pack of cookies was statistically different from those of the rest of the class. She found out the average number of chips per cookie this year was 13.82 and the standard deviation for the class was 7.25. She had a pack of 10 cookies which had an average of 9.8 chips per cookie. a. Conduct all six steps of a z test. Please label each step explicitly! b. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for these data. c. Calculate the effect size, Cohen's d, for these data and interpret the result in complete sentences (e.g., \"Small effect size.\" Is not acceptable; \"The small effect size means that X is lower than Y but not sufficiently lower that it would require action,\" is better) 3. Listed in the syllabus, and taken from Nolan and Heinzen Chapter 9 Exercises 9.40-9.41, pg 229. The number of paid days off (i.e. vacation, sick leave) taken by eight employees at a local small business is compared the national average. You are hired by the business by the owner, who has been in business for just 18 months, to help determine what to expect for paid days off. In general, she want to set some standard for her employees and for herself. Let's assume your search on the internet for data on paid days off leaves you with the impression that the national average is 15 days. The data for the eight local during the last fiscal year are: 10,11,8,14,13,12,12,27 days. a. Conduct all six steps of hypothesis testing using the appropriate test. b. Calculate the Confidence Interval at the 95% Confidence Level. c. Calculate and interpret the effect size. 4. Bob, like Peggy, wants to know if his cookies are special, but all he knows are the class average of 21.65 chips per cookie, and his own data for his 10 cookies: 12,14,15,12,12,13,17,15,15,22. a. Conduct all six steps of hypothesis testing using the appropriate test. b. Calculate the Confidence Interval at the 95% Confidence Level. c. Calculate and interpret the effect size. 5. Taken from Nolan and Heinzen Chapter 9 Exercises 9.46 pg 229. The answer for this exercise is not at the back of the book, but exercise 9.49 is based on this one and shows the method in Appendix C, in case you get stuck. The Stroop Task is a psychological test in which color words (e.g., red) are printed in the wrong color (e.g., blue). When you try to read the word, you are distracted by the color, taking you longer to read or even 'reading out-loud' the color instead of the word. Several researchers have suggested that the Stroop effect can be decreased by hypnosis. Raz (2005) used brain imaging techniques to demonstrate that post-hypnotic suggestion left highly hypnotizable individuals to see Stroop words as nonsense words. You are tasked with determining if the reaction times decrease (i.e., people get faster) when highly hypnotizable receive post-hypnotic suggestions to view the words as nonsensical. You conduct the experiment on six individuals once in each condition. You receive the following data. The first number is the reaction time in second without post-hypnotic suggestion, the second number is the reaction time in seconds with post-hypnotic suggestion. a. Participant 1 12.6 8.5 b. Part2 13.8 9.6 c. Part3 11.6 10.0 d. Part4 12.2 9.2 e. Part5 12.1 8.9 f. Part6 13.0 10.8 a. Conduct all six steps of hypothesis testing for a paired samples t-test. 6. Included in syllabus, taken from Nolan and Heinzen Chapter 10 Exercises 10.41 pg 251. There is a claim that mothers are more sensitive to noises, especially children related sounds. To test this we invite two groups of women, mothers and non-mothers, on the pretext of testing mattresses for their comfort. While they are asleep, we introduce noises to test minimum volume needed for the women to be awakened. Here is the data: Mothers 33 55 39 41 67 Non-Mothers 56 48 71 a. Conduct all six steps of the hypothesis for an independent t-test. Be sure to label all six steps. b. Report the Means, SD, the t statistic and p value. c. Calculate a 95% Confidence Interval d. Calculate the effect size. 7. Dr. Vallerga and Dr. Ligda are interested in the effects of cell-phone use while driving on the number of driving errors (e.g., running red lights, failing to maintain a safe distance between other cars, slowed reaction time). The researchers tested a sample of 40 individuals in a driving simulator. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups of 20 people each. The Cell-phone group talked on the phone (using a hands-free device) and the second group talked with a passenger in the car. The number of driving errors was recorded. The researchers hypothesize that participants in the Cell-phone group would have more driving errors than participants in the Passenger group. Cell-Phone Group 13 21 16 12 19 10 12 19 13 28 14 13 16 23 25 20 23 24 17 19 Passenger Group 1 16 17 8 9 15 10 11 5 8 6 20 11 7 6 10 8 19 14 15 Summary of Tasks: 1. Conduct all six steps of hypothesis testing. 2. Compute the mean and standard deviation for each group. 3. Compute Cohen's d 4. Answer the following questions using the data and graphs. Questions (Be sure to use complete sentences): 1. In this study, what was the independent and dependent variable? 2. Describe the variability in each distribution: What is the standard deviation for each group? What does this measure tell us about the dispersion of scores in each group? 3. What was the mean difference? What does this value tell us about the effects of cell-phone use on driving errors? Was the mean difference in the predicted direction? 4. What was the standard error of the difference? What does this value tell us about how large of a mean difference we would expect to find purely by chance? Is the standard error large than the mean difference? 5. From all of this information, can you conclude that cell-phone use causes increased driving errors compared to listening to talk radio? Explain your answer. Based on materials developed by Frank Payne, Ph.D. and Nancy Da Silva, Ph.D. Modified 08/2008 by Sean Laraway, Ph.D. and Mike Abrams, Ph.D. Lady Tasting tea 1. Chapter 3 pg 29-30. Gosset was challenged by a particular problem, what was it? To solve it, he worked late into the night in his kitchen. What did he do, and what he find? 2. Chapter 11 pg 107. What does it mean to have a non-significant result in a significance test (when hypothesis testing)? Does it mean that our research hypothesis is wrong? If we reject our null hypothesis, does this mean our research hypothesis is true? 3. Chapter 11, pg 109 a) What did Neyman and Pearson call the two forms of hypotheses, and what did statistical power refer to? b) What was power according to Neyman? c) What were the two conclusions about power and regards the set of alternative hypotheses? EXTRA CREDIT 1. From the UX Study in Assignment 1, the population of reaction times for all participants was 555.64 with a standard deviation of 272.35. The mean for the sample of 3 female managers is 394.29. Assume we treat the sample as the population. a. Identify the IV, DV, the data type, and the test you would use. b. Conduct all six steps the test you decided on. Please label each step explicitly! c. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for these data. d. Calculate the effect size, Cohen's d, for these data and interpret the result in complete sentences (e.g., \"Small effect size.\" Is not acceptable; \"The small effect size means that X is lower than Y but not sufficiently lower that it would require action,\" is better) 2. From our Cookie Survey, you want to know if there is difference in between the regular cookies made by Chips A'Hoy and its Chips A'Hoy regular cookies. You collect a small sample from the class of both types of cookies. Conduct all six steps of Hypothesis Testing. Chips Ahoy 23 18 19 18 14 16 18 23 Chuncky Chips Ahoy 23 18 19 18 14 16 15 12