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To describe pascal's law * To state Bernoulli's principle and explain 00002.1 1INTRODUCTION Fluid is the state of a substance having the ability to flow. Liquids and gases are examples of fluids. Usage of fluids is an integral part of our lives. Water covers three quarter's of our earth's surface. A solid has a The branch known as 'Fluid Mechanics' of physics deals with study of fluids, definite shape and i.e., liquids and gases. volume. A liquid can have a fixed volume but cannot How do we define a fluid? How does a fluid behave under external forces? What kind of contact forces does a fluid exert? What are the factors effecting the fluid contact forces? What kind of mechanical energy does a fluid posses? - These are some of the questions 'Fluid Mechanics' attempts to answer. have a definite shape. A liquid always acquires the shape of the container. A gas does not have a Matter may be divided into solids, liquids and gases. Liquids and gases to- gether are classified as fluids. A solid has a definite shape and volume [As they are not easily deformed by shearing force because of the cohesive force between the molecules] Liquids and gases do not have their own shape. A liquid can have a fixed volume but has no define shape and takes the shape of the container. A gas does not have a fixed volume and its volume depends on the volume of the container in fixed volume which it is taken. Liquids and gases (fluids) cannot sustain shearing force (as they posses weak cohesive forces when compared to solids). Hence an applied shearing force can cause the liquid or gas to flow. A substance that flows is called a fluid. An ideal fluid offers no resistance to the shearing force at all. By the application of an external pressure if volume of the fluid changes then it is called compress- ible fluid. If the volume does not Hence a fluid is that state of matter in which the molecules are arranged randomly, and the molecules in it are subjected to weak cohesive forces, thereby, they offer negligible shearing force to its flow. A fluid can exhibit elastic nature under normal contact forces which are applied perpendicular to the surface of fluid. Fluids can be compressible or incompressible. By the application of an external pressure if volume of the fluid changes, then it is called compressible fluid. If the volume does not change, it is called incompressible fluid. We must remember that a substance may have the state of solid or the state of change, it is called fluid depending on the external conditions. It is important to note that all the fluids incompressible fluid have the ability to flow, only when allowed to. When a fluid is not allowed to flow, such a fluid is known as static fluid and a flowing fluid is known as a dynamic fluid. It is not necessary that a static fluid must always be at rest. For example, water poured in container moving with uniform velocity, will ultimately assume the shape of the container. Here, water is moving but not flowing and so, water in this example is a static fluid. 40 ELITE SERIES for Sri Chaitanya Jr. ICON Students Objeca