Suppose the retained earnings at the beginning of year 2015 for Mandesa, Inc. is zero dollars. Retained earnings at the end of 2015 is equal to:

A. The portion of 2015 net income distributed to common stock holders

B. zero dollars

C. The portion of 2015 net income reinvested in the company.

D. 2016 net income minus dividends paid to stockholders during 2016