TExES | Texas Examinations of Educator Standards Preparation Manual 068 Principal Copyright 2010 by Texas Education Agency (TEA). All rights reserved. The Texas Education Agency logo and TEA are registered trademarks of Texas Education Agency. Texas Examinations of Educator Standards, TExES and the TExES logo are trademarks of Texas Education Agency. This publication has been produced for Texas Education Agency (TEA) by ETS. ETS is under contract to Texas Education Agency to administer the Texas Examinations of Educator Standards (TExES) program and the Examination for the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program. The TExES and ExCET programs are administered under the authority of Texas Education Agency; regulations and standards governing the program are subject to change at the discretion of Texas Education Agency. Texas Education Agency and ETS do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age or disability in the administration of the testing program or the provision of related services. TA B L E OF CO N T E N T S Chapter 1: Introduction to the Principal Test and Suggestions for Using this Test Preparation Manual.........................................................1 Overview Using the Test Framework Organization of the TExES Test Framework Sample Competency Sample Descriptive Statements Studying for the TExES Test Chapter 2: Background Information on the TExES Testing Program................................7 The TExES Tests for Texas Teachers Development of the New TExES Tests Taking the TExES Test and Receiving Scores Educator Standards Chapter 3: Study Topics ...............................................................................................11 Test Framework for Field 068: Principal The Domains Total Test Breakdown Competencies Domain I School Community Leadership Domain II Instructional Leadership Domain III Administrative Leadership Chapter 4: Succeeding on Multiple-Choice Questions.................................................19 Approaches to Answering Multiple-Choice Questions Question Formats Single Questions Decision Sets Decision Set: Sample Stimulus Material Decision Set: Single Question Decision Set: Question with a Correct Response Set Decision Set: Second Stimulus Chapter 5: Multiple-Choice Practice Questions...........................................................33 Sample Multiple-Choice Questions Answer Key Chapter 6: Are You Ready? - Last Minute Tips .............................................................73 Preparing to Take the Test Appendix A Study Plan Sheet.........................................................................................77 Appendix B Preparation Resources................................................................................79 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Principal Test and Suggestions for Using this Test Preparation Manual INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPAL TEST AND SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THIS TEST PREPARATION MANUAL 1 OVERVIEW The State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC) has approved Texas educator standards that delineate what the beginning educator should know and be able to do. These standards, which are based on the state-required curriculum for students the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) form the basis for the Texas Examinations of Educator Standards (TExES) program. This initiative, directed by Texas Education Agency (TEA), will affect all areas of Texas education from the more than 100 approved Texas Educator Preparation Programs (EPPs) to the more than 7,000 Texas school campuses. This standards-based system reflects TEA's commitment to help align Texas education from kindergarten through college. TEA's role in this K-16 initiative will ensure that newly certified Texas educators have the essential knowledge and skills to teach the TEKS to the state's public school students. This manual is designed to help examinees prepare for the TExES test in this field. Its purpose is to familiarize examinees with the competencies to be tested, test question formats and pertinent study resources. EPP staff may also find this information useful as they help examinees prepare for careers as Texas educators. KEY FEATURES OF THE MANUAL List of competencies that will be tested Strategies for answering multiple-choice questions Sample test questions and answer key If you have any questions after reading this preparation manual or you would like additional information about the TExES tests or the educator standards, please visit the SBEC website at www.sbec.state.tx.us. 2 TExES Preparation Manual Principal AND SUGGESTIONS FOR INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPAL TEST USING THIS TEST PREPARATION MANUAL USING THE TEST FRAMEWORK 1 The Texas Examinations of Educator Standards (TExES) Principal test measures the content and professional knowledge required of an entry-level principal or assistant principal in Texas public schools. This manual is designed to guide your preparation by helping you become familiar with the material to be covered on the test you are planning to take, identify areas where you feel you may be weak and increase your knowledge in those areas by helping you design a study plan. When preparing for this test, you should focus on the competencies and descriptive statements, which delineate the content that is eligible for testing. A portion of the content is represented in the sample questions that are included in this manual. These test questions represent only a sampling of questions. Thus, your test preparation should focus on the competencies and descriptive statements and not simply on the sample questions. ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXES TEST FRAMEWORK The test framework is based on the certification standards for this field. The content covered by this test is organized into broad areas of content called domains. Each domain covers one or more of the standards for this field. Within each domain, the content is further defined by a set of competencies. Each competency is composed of two major parts: 1. the competency statement, which broadly defines what an entry-level principal in Texas public schools should know and be able to do, and 2. the descriptive statements, which describe in greater detail the knowledge and skills eligible for testing. The certification standards being assessed within each domain are listed for reference at the beginning of the test framework, which begins on page 12. These are followed by a complete set of the framework's competencies and descriptive statements. An example of a competency and its accompanying descriptive statements is provided below. SAMPLE COMPETENCY Principal competency 001 THE PRINCIPAL KNOWS HOW TO SHAPE CAMPUS CULTURE BY FACILITATING THE DEVELOPMENT, ARTICULATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND STEWARDSHIP OF A VISION OF LEARNING THAT IS SHARED AND SUPPORTED BY THE SCHOOL COMMUNITY. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 3 INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPAL TEST AND SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THIS TEST PREPARATION MANUAL 1 SAMPLE DESCRIPTIVE STATEMENTS The principal knows how to: A. create a campus culture that sets high expectations, promotes learning and provides intellectual stimulation for self, students and staff. B. ensure that parents and other members of the community are an integral part of the campus culture. C. implement strategies to ensure the development of collegial relationships and effective collaboration. D. respond appropriately to diverse needs in shaping the campus culture. E. use various types of information (e.g., demographic data, campus climate inventory results, student achievement data, emerging issues affecting education) to develop a campus vision and create a plan for implementing the vision. F. use strategies for involving all stakeholders in planning processes to enable the collaborative development of a shared campus vision focused on teaching and learning. G. facilitate the collaborative development of a plan that clearly articulates objectives and strategies for implementing a campus vision. H. align financial, human and material resources to support implementation of a campus vision. I. establish procedures to assess and modify implementation plans to ensure achievement of the campus vision. J. support innovative thinking and risk taking within the school community and view unsuccessful experiences as learning opportunities. K. acknowledge and celebrate the contributions of students, staff, parents and community members toward realization of the campus vision. 4 TExES Preparation Manual Principal AND SUGGESTIONS FOR INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPAL TEST USING THIS TEST PREPARATION MANUAL 1 STUDYING FOR THE TEXES TEST The following steps may be helpful in preparing for the TExES test. 1. Identify the information the test will cover by reading through the test competencies (see Chapter 3). Within each domain of this TExES test, each competency will receive approximately equal coverage. 2. Read each competency with its descriptive statements in order to get a more specific idea of the knowledge you will be required to demonstrate on the test. You may wish to use this review of the competencies to set priorities for your study time. 3. Review the \"Preparation Resources\" section of this guide (Appendix B) for possible resources to consult. Also, compile key materials from your preparation coursework that are aligned with the competencies. 4. Study this manual for approaches to taking the TExES test. 5. When using resources, concentrate on the key skills and important abilities that are discussed in the competencies and descriptive statements. 6. Use the study plan document (Appendix A of this guide) to help you plan your study. NOTE: This preparation manual is the only TExES test study material endorsed by Texas Education Agency (TEA) for this field. Other preparation materials may not accurately reflect the content of the test or the policies and procedures of the TExES program. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 5 2 Chapter 2 Background Information on the TExES Testing Program BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE TEXES TESTING PROGRAM THE TEXES TESTS FOR TEXAS TEACHERS 2 As required by the Texas Education Code 21.048, successful performance on educator certification examinations is required for the issuance of a Texas educator certificate. Each TExES test is a criterion-referenced examination designed to measure the knowledge and skills delineated in the corresponding TExES test framework. Each test framework is based on standards that were developed by Texas educators and other education stakeholders. The Principal test framework is based on the Principal standards that are listed in Texas Administrative Code Title 19, Part VII, Chapter 241. Each TExES test is designed to measure the requisite knowledge and skills that an entry-level educator in this field in Texas public schools must possess. The tests include both individual (stand-alone) test questions and questions that are arranged in clustered sets based on real-world situations faced by educators. The Principal test includes questions and decision sets based on real-world situations faced by school principals and assistant principals in elementary, middle and high school settings. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW TExES TESTS Committees of Texas educators and members of the community guide the development of the new TExES tests by participating in each stage of the test development process. These working committees are composed of Texas educators from public and charter schools, university and EPP faculty, education service center staff, representatives from professional educator organizations, content experts and members of the business community. The committees are balanced in terms of position, affiliation, years of experience, ethnicity, gender and geographical location. The committee membership is rotated during the development process so that numerous Texas stakeholders may be actively involved. The steps in the process to develop the TExES tests are described below. 1. Develop Standards. Committees are established to recommend what the beginning educator should know and be able to do. Using the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) as the focal point, draft standards are prepared to define the knowledge and skills required of the beginning educator. 2. Review Standards. Committees review and revise the draft standards. The revised draft standards are then placed on the State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC) website for public review and comment. These comments are used to prepare a final draft of the standards that will be presented to the SBEC Board for discussion, the State Board of Education (SBOE) for review and comment and the SBEC Board for approval. Standards not based specifically on the TEKS, such as those for librarians and counselors, are proposed as rule by the SBEC Board; sent to the SBOE for its 90-day review; and, if not rejected by the SBOE, adopted by the SBEC Board. 3. Develop Test Frameworks. Committees review and revise draft test frameworks that are based on the standards. These frameworks outline the specific competencies to be measured on the new TExES tests. Draft frameworks are not finalized until after the standards are approved and the job analysis/content validation survey (see #4) is complete. 8 TExES Preparation Manual Principal BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE TEXES TESTING PROGRAM 4. Conduct Job Analysis/Content Validation Surveys. A representative sample of Texas educators who practice in or prepare individuals for each of the fields for which an educator certificate has been proposed are surveyed to determine the relative job importance of each competency outlined in the test framework for that content area. Frameworks are revised as needed following an analysis of the survey responses. 5. Develop and Review New Test Questions. The test contractor develops draft questions that are designed to measure the competencies described in the test framework. Committees review the newly developed test questions that have been written to reflect the competencies in the new test frameworks. Committee members scrutinize the draft questions for appropriateness of content and difficulty; clarity; match to the competencies; and potential ethnic, gender and regional bias. 6. Conduct Pilot Test of New Test Questions. All of the newly developed test questions that have been deemed acceptable by the question review committees are then administered to an appropriate sample of candidates for certification. 7. Review Pilot Test Data. Pilot test results are reviewed to ensure that the test questions are valid, reliable and free from bias. 8. Administer TExES Tests. New TExES tests are constructed to reflect the competencies, and the tests are administered to candidates for certification. 9. Set Passing Standard. A Standard Setting Committee convenes to review performance data from the initial administration of each new TExES test and to recommend a final passing standard for that test. The SBEC Board considers this recommendation as it establishes a passing score on the test. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 9 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE TEXES TESTING PROGRAM TAKING THE TEXES TEST AND RECEIVING SCORES 2 Please refer to the current TExES Registration Bulletin or the ETS TExES website at www.texes.ets.org for information on test dates, test centers, fees, registration procedures and program policies. Your score report will be available to you in your testing account on the ETS TExES online registration system by 5 p.m. Central time on the score reporting date indicated in the Registration Bulletin. The report will indicate whether you have passed the test and will include: A total test scaled score. Scaled scores are reported to allow for the comparison of scores on the same content-area test taken on different test administration dates. The total scaled score is not the percentage of questions answered correctly and is not determined by averaging the number of questions answered correctly in each domain. - For all TExES tests, the score scale is 100-300 with a scaled score of 240 as the minimum passing score. This score represents the minimum level of competency required to be an entry-level principal in Texas public schools. Your performance in the major content domains of the test and in the specific content competencies of the test. - This information may be useful in identifying strengths and weaknesses in your content preparation and can be used for further study or for preparing to retake the test. However, it is important to use caution when interpreting scores reported by domain and competency as these scores are typically based on a smaller number of items than the total score and therefore may not be as reliable as the total score. A link to information to help you understand the score scale and interpret your results. A score report will not be available to you if you are absent or choose to cancel your score. For more information about scores or to access scores online, go to www.texes.ets.org. EDUCATOR STANDARDS Complete, approved educator standards are posted on the SBEC website at www.sbec.state.tx.us. 10 TExES Preparation Manual Principal 3 Chapter 3 Study Topics STUDY TOPICS TEST FRAMEWORK FOR FIELD 068: PRINCIPAL THE DOMAINS Domain III 22% 3 Domain I 33% Domain II 45% Domain I: School Community Leadership Domain II: Instructional Leadership Domain III: Administrative Leadership TOTAL TEST BREAKDOWN Exam is offered as a paper-based or computer-administered test 115 Multiple-Choice Questions (100 Scored Questions*) *Your final scaled score will be based only on scored questions. 12 TExES Preparation Manual Principal STUDY TOPICS COMPETENCIES DOMAIN I SCHOOL COMMUNITY* LEADERSHIP competency 001 THE PRINCIPAL KNOWS HOW TO SHAPE CAMPUS CULTURE BY FACILITATING THE DEVELOPMENT, ARTICULATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND STEWARDSHIP OF A VISION OF LEARNING THAT IS SHARED AND SUPPORTED BY THE SCHOOL COMMUNITY. 3 The principal knows how to: A. create a campus culture that sets high expectations, promotes learning and provides intellectual stimulation for self, students and staff. B. ensure that parents and other members of the community are an integral part of the campus culture. C. implement strategies to ensure the development of collegial relationships and effective collaboration. D. respond appropriately to diverse needs in shaping the campus culture. E. use various types of information (e.g., demographic data, campus climate inventory results, student achievement data, emerging issues affecting education) to develop a campus vision and create a plan for implementing the vision. F. use strategies for involving all stakeholders in planning processes to enable the collaborative development of a shared campus vision focused on teaching and learning. G. facilitate the collaborative development of a plan that clearly articulates objectives and strategies for implementing a campus vision. H. align financial, human and material resources to support implementation of a campus vision. I. establish procedures to assess and modify implementation plans to ensure achievement of the campus vision. J. support innovative thinking and risk taking within the school community and view unsuccessful experiences as learning opportunities. K. acknowledge and celebrate the contributions of students, staff, parents and community members toward realization of the campus vision. * School Community includes students, staff, parents/caregivers and community members. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 13 STUDY TOPICS competency 002 THE PRINCIPAL KNOWS HOW TO COMMUNICATE AND COLLABORATE WITH ALL MEMBERS OF THE SCHOOL COMMUNITY, RESPOND TO DIVERSE INTERESTS AND NEEDS AND MOBILIZE RESOURCES TO PROMOTE STUDENT SUCCESS. The principal knows how to: A. communicate effectively with families and other community members in varied educational contexts. 3 B. apply skills for building consensus and managing conflict. C. implement effective strategies for systematically communicating with and gathering input from all campus stakeholders. D. develop and implement strategies for effective internal and external communications. E. develop and implement a comprehensive program of community relations that effectively involves and informs multiple constituencies, including the media. F. provide varied and meaningful opportunities for parents/caregivers to be engaged in the education of their children. G. establish partnerships with parents/caregivers, businesses and others in the community to strengthen programs and support campus goals. H. communicate and work effectively with diverse groups in the school community to ensure that all students have an equal opportunity for educational success. I. respond to pertinent political, social and economic issues in the internal and external environment. competency 003 THE PRINCIPAL KNOWS HOW TO ACT WITH INTEGRITY, FAIRNESS AND IN AN ETHICAL AND LEGAL MANNER. The principal knows how to: A. model and promote the highest standard of conduct, ethical principles and integrity in decision making, actions and behaviors. B. implement policies and procedures that promote professional educator compliance with The Code of Ethics and Standard Practices for Texas Educators. C. apply knowledge of ethical issues affecting education. D. apply legal guidelines (e.g., in relation to students with disabilities, bilingual education, confidentiality, discrimination) to protect the rights of students and staff and to improve learning opportunities. E. apply laws, policies and procedures in a fair and reasonable manner. F. articulate the importance of education in a free democratic society. 14 TExES Preparation Manual Principal STUDY TOPICS G. serve as an advocate for all children. H. promote the continuous and appropriate development of all students. I. promote awareness of learning differences, multicultural awareness, gender sensitivity and ethnic appreciation. DOMAIN II INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP 3 competency 004 THE PRINCIPAL KNOWS HOW TO FACILITATE THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CURRICULA AND STRATEGIC PLANS THAT ENHANCE TEACHING AND LEARNING; ENSURE ALIGNMENT OF CURRICULUM, INSTRUCTION, RESOURCES AND ASSESSMENT; AND PROMOTE THE USE OF VARIED ASSESSMENTS TO MEASURE STUDENT PERFORMANCE. The principal knows how to: A. facilitate effective campus curriculum planning based on knowledge of various factors (e.g., emerging issues, occupational and economic trends, demographic data, student learning data, motivation theory, teaching and learning theory, principles of curriculum design, human developmental processes, legal requirements). B. facilitate the use of sound, research-based practice in the development, implementation and evaluation of campus curricular, co-curricular and extracurricular programs. C. facilitate campus participation in collaborative district planning, implementation, monitoring and revision of curriculum to ensure appropriate scope, sequence, content and alignment. D. facilitate the use of appropriate assessments to measure student learning and ensure educational accountability. E. facilitate the use of technology, telecommunications and information systems to enrich the campus curriculum. F. facilitate the effective coordination of campus curricular, co-curricular and extracurricular programs in relation to other district programs. G. promote the use of creative thinking, critical thinking and problem solving by staff and other campus stakeholders involved in curriculum design and delivery. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 15 STUDY TOPICS competency 005 THE PRINCIPAL KNOWS HOW TO ADVOCATE, NURTURE AND SUSTAIN AN INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM AND A CAMPUS CULTURE THAT ARE CONDUCIVE TO STUDENT LEARNING AND STAFF PROFESSIONAL GROWTH. The principal knows how to: A. facilitate the development of a campus learning organization that supports instructional improvement and change through ongoing study of relevant research and best practice. 3 B. facilitate the implementation of sound, research-based instructional strategies, decisions and programs in which multiple opportunities to learn and be successful are available to all students. C. create conditions that encourage staff, students, families/caregivers and the community to strive to achieve the campus vision. D. ensure that all students are provided high-quality, flexible instructional programs with appropriate resources and services to meet individual student needs. E. use formative and summative student assessment data to develop, support and improve campus instructional strategies and goals. F. facilitate the use and integration of technology, telecommunications and information systems to enhance learning. G. facilitate the implementation of sound, research-based theories and techniques of teaching, learning, classroom management, student discipline and school safety to ensure a campus environment conducive to teaching and learning. H. facilitate the development, implementation, evaluation and refinement of student services and activity programs to fulfill academic, developmental, social and cultural needs. I. analyze instructional needs and allocate resources effectively and equitably. J. analyze the implications of various factors (e.g., staffing patterns, class scheduling formats, school organizational structures, student discipline practices) for teaching and learning. K. ensure responsiveness to diverse sociological, linguistic, cultural and other factors that may affect students' development and learning. 16 TExES Preparation Manual Principal STUDY TOPICS competency 006 THE PRINCIPAL KNOWS HOW TO IMPLEMENT A STAFF EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF ALL STAFF MEMBERS, SELECT AND IMPLEMENT APPROPRIATE MODELS FOR SUPERVISION AND STAFF DEVELOPMENT AND APPLY THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT. The principal knows how to: A. work collaboratively with other campus personnel to develop, implement, evaluate and revise a comprehensive campus professional development plan that addresses staff needs and aligns professional development with identified goals. B. facilitate the application of adult learning principles and motivation theory to all campus professional development activities, including the use of appropriate content, processes and contexts. C. allocate appropriate time, funding and other needed resources to ensure the effective implementation of professional development plans. D. implement effective, appropriate and legal strategies for the recruitment, screening, selection, assignment, induction, development, evaluation, promotion, discipline and dismissal of campus staff. E. use formative and summative evaluation procedures to enhance the knowledge and skills of campus staff. F. diagnose campus organizational health and morale and implement strategies to provide ongoing support to campus staff. G. engage in ongoing professional development activities to enhance one's own knowledge and skills and to model lifelong learning. competency 007 THE PRINCIPAL KNOWS HOW TO APPLY ORGANIZATIONAL, DECISION-MAKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS TO ENSURE AN EFFECTIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT. The principal knows how to: A. implement appropriate management techniques and group process skills to define roles, assign functions, delegate authority and determine accountability for campus goal attainment. B. implement procedures for gathering, analyzing and using data from a variety of sources for informed campus decision making. C. frame, analyze and resolve problems using appropriate problem-solving techniques and decision-making skills. D. use strategies for promoting collaborative decision making and problem solving, facilitating team building and developing consensus. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 17 3 STUDY TOPICS E. encourage and facilitate positive change, enlist support for change and overcome obstacles to change. F. apply skills for monitoring and evaluating change and making needed adjustments to achieve goals. DOMAIN III ADMINISTRATIVE LEADERSHIP 3 competency 008 THE PRINCIPAL KNOWS HOW TO APPLY PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN RELATION TO CAMPUS BUDGETING, PERSONNEL, RESOURCE UTILIZATION, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY USE. The principal knows how to: A. apply procedures for effective budget planning and management. B. work collaboratively with stakeholders to develop campus budgets. C. acquire, allocate and manage human, material and financial resources according to district policies and campus priorities. D. apply laws and policies to ensure sound financial management in relation to accounts, bidding, purchasing and grants. E. use effective planning, time management and organization of personnel to maximize attainment of district and campus goals. F. develop and implement plans for using technology and information systems to enhance school management. competency 009 THE PRINCIPAL KNOWS HOW TO APPLY PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT TO THE CAMPUS PHYSICAL PLANT AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS TO ENSURE A SAFE AND EFFECTIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT. The principal knows how to: A. implement strategies that enable the school physical plant, equipment and support systems to operate safely, efficiently and effectively. B. apply strategies for ensuring the safety of students and personnel and for addressing emergencies and security concerns. C. develop and implement procedures for crisis planning and for responding to crises. D. apply local, state and federal laws and policies to support sound decision making related to school programs and operations (e.g., student services, food services, health services, transportation). 18 TExES Preparation Manual Principal 4 Chapter 4 Succeeding on Multiple-Choice Questions SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS APPROACHES TO ANSWERING MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS The purpose of this section is to describe multiple-choice question formats that you will see on the Principal test and to suggest possible ways to approach thinking about and answering the multiple-choice questions. However, these approaches are not intended to replace familiar test-taking strategies with which you are already comfortable and that work for you. The Principal test is designed to include a total of 115 multiple-choice questions, out of which 100 are scored. Your final scaled score will be based only on scored questions. The questions that are not scored are being pilot tested in order to collect information about how these questions will perform under actual testing conditions. These questions are not identified on the test. 4 All multiple-choice questions on this test are designed to assess your knowledge of the content described in the test framework. You will be expected to demonstrate more than just your ability to recall factual information; you may be asked to think critically about a situation, to analyze it, to consider it carefully, to compare it with other knowledge you have or to make a judgment about it. When you are ready to respond to a multiple-choice question, you must choose one of four answer options labeled A, B, C and D. Leave no questions unanswered. Nothing is subtracted from your score if you answer a question incorrectly. Questions for which you mark no answer or more than one answer are not counted in scoring. Your score will be determined by the number of questions for which you select the best answer. QUESTION FORMATS This test includes both individual questions and questions that are grouped into decision sets (sets of questions about a given situation). On the following pages, you will find descriptions of these commonly used question formats, along with suggested approaches for responding to each type of question. In the actual testing situation, you may mark the test questions and/or write in the margins of your test booklet. Your final response must be indicated on the answer sheet provided. If you are taking the test via computer, you may write on the scratch paper provided at the testing center. Your final response must be selected on the computer. 20 TExES Preparation Manual Principal SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS SINGLE QUESTIONS In the single-question format, a problem is presented as a direct question or an incomplete statement, and four answer options appear below the question. The following question is an example of this type. It tests knowledge of Principal Competency 004: The principal knows how to facilitate the design and implementation of curricula and strategic plans that enhance teaching and learning; ensure alignment of curriculum, instruction, resources and assessment; and promote the use of varied assessments to measure student performance. EXAMPLE One goal of a campus curricular program is to produce strong student performance as demonstrated by standardized measures. Which of the following factors is likely to be the most accurate predictor of the program's effectiveness in meeting this goal? 4 A. The degree of consistency across subject areas and grade levels of the instructional approaches used to present content B. The percent of the total campus budget that is devoted to supporting programs related to instruction in the core curriculum C. The extent of alignment among the content identified in curriculum documents, the content actually delivered and the content assessed D. The percent of the total campus budget that is devoted to supporting innovative curricular programs such as the instructional use of technology and telecommunications SUGGESTED APPROACH Read the question carefully and critically. Think about what it is asking and the situation it is describing. Eliminate any obviously wrong answers, select the correct answer choice and mark your answer. For example, as you read this question, consider the specified goal: producing strong student performance as demonstrated by standardized measures. The one factor that would be critical to achieving this goal would be the alignment of curriculum, instruction and assessment. If, for example, the tests used did not measure what was actually taught in the classroom, students would be unlikely to perform well on the tests. Thus, such alignment would be an important predictor of effectiveness in meeting the stated goal (option C). Whether teachers campus wide use the same instructional approaches (option A) would not be a significant factor; the same content can be taught effectively in many different ways. With regard to the other two options, the percentage of the campus budget allocated either to programs supporting the core curriculum (option B) or to innovative programs (option D) would be largely irrelevant to student performance on standardized measures if curriculum, instruction and assessment were not aligned. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 21 SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS DECISION SETS The decision set format helps to simulate situations that school principals encounter and in which they must make decisions that affect staff, students and the larger school community. Each decision set begins with stimulus material, which sets the scene and provides information to use in answering the questions that follow. In many decision sets, additional stimulus material is provided as needed. DECISION SET: SAMPLE STIMULUS MATERIAL 4 The decision set stimulus material provides information essential to answering the questions that follow it. The stimulus may include the level of the school (elementary, middle or high school); a description of the community served by the campus; information about the campus staff in general or one or more particular staff members; or data, such as survey or test results. Each decision set stimulus describes a situation that the school leader is facing. In a test booklet, the beginning and ending of each decision set will be clearly marked. For simplicity in the test booklet, a decision set is referred to as a \"Set.\" The following sample shows the first stimulus for a decision set about a middle school principal, Ms. James. Ms. James, the new principal of Harmon Middle School, reviews the results of several batteries of standardized tests. She finds a wide discrepancy in the achievement levels of different student groups on the campus. She decides to investigate further by interviewing students, parents and teachers and evaluating the campus climate. The stimulus material presents essential information for the decision set. This stimulus indicates that Ms. James has recently become the principal of Harmon Middle School and that she has detected an important \"red flag\" in students' test data: a gap in achievement levels among different groups of students. The stimulus also indicates that Ms. James does not plan to take any immediate action but will first take steps to find out more about the situation. In a decision set, the first stimulus is a critical scene-setter. As you consider the test questions that follow, check the stimulus as needed. As you progress through the decision set, additional stimuli may introduce new information. The decision set is often set up as a kind of story line that develops over time. You may find it helpful to skim all of the questions and stimulus materials in a decision set before answering any questions. Such a quick read-through may give you a richer understanding of the context for the questions. However, as you select your answer for each question, be sure to base your choice on only the information that has already been presented about the situation. Regardless of the strategy you use, keep in mind that every piece of information in each stimulus and question is important. You should base your answers on the particular situation presented, not on similar situations you have encountered or studied. With each question, you should think about the knowledge and skills outlined in the test framework. 22 TExES Preparation Manual Principal SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS DECISION SET: SINGLE QUESTION In the single-question format, a problem is presented as a direct question or as an incomplete statement, and four answer options appear below the question. The following question is an example of this type. It assesses knowledge of Principal Competency 005: The principal knows how to advocate, nurture and sustain an instructional program and a campus culture that are conducive to student learning and staff professional growth. To better understand the learning environment at Harmon, Ms. James observes students in a variety of school settings. The clearest indication that the needs of all students are not being met would be the observation that particular groups of students A. are socializing primarily with peers from their cultural background. 4 B. sometimes require modifications or support as part of their instructional plans. C. are adopting behaviors of schoolmates from other cultural groups. D. exhibit lack of confidence and motivation regarding schoolwork. SUGGESTED APPROACH Read the question carefully and critically. Think about what it is asking and the situation it is describing. Eliminate any obviously wrong answers, select the correct answer choice and mark your answer. For example, as you read this question, think about the factors a principal must consider in assessing whether all members of a learning community have an equitable opportunity to achieve. As she observes students in her school, Ms. James must distinguish student behavior patterns that indicate normal preadolescent development from patterns that may indicate that the needs of some students are not being met. In a middle school setting, peer groups are particularly important in students' development. The fact that students of a particular cultural background tend to socialize together is natural; peer groups typically form because their members have something important in common (option A). It is expected that some students may require additional assistance or attention from teachers (option B). Also, students seeking to identify with a particular cultural group may well adopt some of that group's behaviors (option C). If, however, students from particular groups consistently show less confidence and motivation than other students, the principal should recognize that discrimination against those students might be the reason and that she should actively work to ensure that any such discrimination is eliminated. Therefore, option D is the correct response. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 23 SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS DECISION SET: QUESTION WITH A CORRECT RESPONSE SET 4 A question with a correct response set includes a stimulus followed by a set of statements numbered with Roman numerals. Below the set of statements are the four response options (i.e., A, B, C and D). Each Roman numeral statement may or may not be correct in the context provided, and it is quite possible that more than one Roman numeral statement will be correct. Thus, the response options offer various combinations to consider as a complete answer. Though more than one of the Roman numeral statements may be correct, only one response option (A, B, C or D) contains all of the correct statements and no incorrect statements. This format is illustrated by the following question, which assesses Principal Competency 005: The principal knows how to advocate, nurture and sustain an instructional program and a campus culture that are conducive to student learning and staff professional growth. During the past five years, the number of students at Harmon who are recent immigrants has increased. Ms. James wants to determine whether the needs of these students are being adequately addressed. Which of the following data about the students would provide the most useful information for helping her make this determination? I. The percentage of these students placed in special education II. The number of these students in ESL programs III. The number of these students participating in extracurricular activities sponsored by the school IV. The percentage of these students enrolled in each of the school's elective courses A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and IV only D. III and IV only SUGGESTED APPROACH The purpose of the question format illustrated above is to present a common, real-world situation in which a question or problem may have more than one good solution. This format permits you to select more than one correct statement. 24 TExES Preparation Manual Principal SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS The following steps outline one approach to answering a question with a correct response set. Step 1 Read the question carefully. Step 2 Read each Roman numeral statement and, if you are certain that the statement is CORRECT in the context provided, place a check mark next to it. In the illustration below, statements I and II are checked to indicate that the examinee is certain that these statements are CORRECT. This question focuses on ensuring an equitable opportunity to achieve for all students. Ms. James is actively seeking to eliminate discrimination in the learning community when she analyzes data by disaggregating it for this group of students. She is aware that the percentages of students identified for special education from various cultural backgrounds should be similar to that of other groups (statement I). If a relatively high percentage of students from a particular cultural background is identified for special education services, that might indicate that the tests used for determining eligibility are inappropriate for the school's population. Since she has followed demographic changes in the community, Ms. James is aware that many students are recent immigrants to the United States, and she is sensitive to their need for instruction in English as a Second Language (statement II). Step 3 Place an X by each statement that you are certain is NOT CORRECT in the context provided. In the illustration below, statement III is marked with an X to indicate that the examinee is certain it is INCORRECT because a variety of factors may influence students' interest and participation in school-sponsored extracurricular activities. Therefore, the number of students involved in these activities is not relevant to the learning needs of this group of students. I. The percentage of these students placed in special education II. The number of these students in ESL programs III. The number of these students participating in extracurricular activities sponsored by the school IV. The percentage of these students enrolled in each of the school's elective courses TExES Preparation Manual Principal 25 4 SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Step 4 4 Step 5 Step 6 26 Draw a line through every response option (A, B, C and D) containing a Roman numeral that you have determined is incorrect. In the illustration below, a line has been drawn through answer options B and D since they include Roman numeral III, which was marked incorrect by the examinee. A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and IV only D. III and IV only Circle every response option that does NOT have a line through it and that contains Roman numeral statements that you are certain are correct. These are the options on which you should focus and among which you should decide. In the illustration below, A is circled because it does not have a line through it and it contains Roman numerals I and II, which were marked as correct. A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and IV only D. III and IV only Select the option that includes ALL statements that are correct. In this illustration, the examinee is certain that Roman numerals I and II are correct statements, as explained earlier. The examinee is uncertain about whether Roman numeral IV is correct. However, if the examinee selects response C because it contains Roman numeral II, the question would be answered INCORRECTLY because it does not include Roman numeral I, which is also correct. The CORRECT response is A (I and II only) because only this answer option includes ALL of the correct statements and NONE of the incorrect statements. (Roman numeral IV is incorrect because the percentage of students participating in a school's elective courses is determined primarily by students' own choices and scheduling constraints.) TExES Preparation Manual Principal SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS DECISION SET: SECOND STIMULUS The next five sample questions in this section are a part of the same decision set. These five questions follow a second stimulus. Each sample question is followed by a suggested approach to answering it. Additional stimulus material is sometimes provided in a decision set to provide more information or to introduce a new development in a situation. In this case, the following stimulus supplies the conclusion Ms. James reaches after interviewing faculty members. After talking with numerous faculty members, Ms. James concludes that many teachers are unsure about what they ought to be doing to meet the needs of the campus's diverse population. She decides to bring up this issue at a faculty meeting. 4 EXAMPLE 1 The following sample question tests knowledge of Principal Competency 005: The principal knows how to advocate, nurture and sustain an instructional program and a campus culture that are conducive to student learning and staff professional growth. At one point in the meeting, many faculty members say they want to find practical ways to foster a strong sense of community among students in their classrooms. Which of the following would be the best instructional strategy for Ms. James to suggest? A. Regularly calling on students to present their cultural or ethnic perspective on issues being studied in class B. Developing a series of mini-units, each designed to highlight and celebrate one cultural group represented in the classroom C. Regularly implementing classroom activities that involve small, culturally and ethnically mixed groups of students D. Involving all students in a project to explore relationships among different cultural groups in their local community SUGGESTED APPROACH To answer this question, you need to have an understanding of the kinds of activities that will help to build appreciation for diversity, an awareness of common needs and the ability to work collaboratively toward common ends. Options A and B might result in students' viewing their own or others' groups as singled out or celebrated only at certain times. Involving all students in exploring relationships among cultures in the community (option D) may be a worthy project but could focus students' attention outside the school community. Building a sense of community among students, especially in a middle school setting, can best be facilitated if the students have regular, meaningful opportunities to collaborate on classroom activities. As students work together, they will discover similarities and shared values that may enhance their collaboration. Option C is the correct response. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 27 SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS EXAMPLE 2 The following sample question tests knowledge of Principal Competency 002: The principal knows how to communicate and collaborate with all members of the school community, respond to diverse interests and needs and mobilize resources to promote student success. Ms. James suggests that all students would have a better chance to succeed if teachers developed effective communication with the students' families. The teachers agree, but they point out that some families seem reluctant to talk to them. Which of the following steps should Ms. James suggest that teachers try first to facilitate communication with these families? A. Telephoning each family to ask how the teacher can help make school/home communication more comfortable for them 4 B. Drafting a letter to distribute to all families explaining the importance of frequent interaction and communication between teachers and families C. Examining their own interactions with families to determine whether they as teachers have been sensitive to cultural and language differences D. Asking school counselors to meet with students from various cultural backgrounds to discover better ways to approach the students' families SUGGESTED APPROACH This question focuses on a principal's responsibility for the flow of communication to various groups that make up the learning community and for ensuring that school staff are sensitive to the needs of those groups. Telephoning families to address the issue directly (option A) is an approach that some families may find intrusive or embarrassing. Drafting a letter to families (option B) is impersonal and sets the school up as authority rather than partner. Option D asks the counselors to take on a problem that needs to be addressed by the entire school community. Since all teachers communicate regularly with the families of the students in their classes, it is appropriate for the principal to suggest that teachers should first examine their prior communication efforts to determine which have been conducive to effective communication. Option C is the correct response. 28 TExES Preparation Manual Principal SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS EXAMPLE 3 The following sample question tests knowledge of Principal Competency 001: The principal knows how to shape campus culture by facilitating the development, articulation, implementation and stewardship of a vision of learning that is shared and supported by the school community. Ms. James is concerned that a few teachers may \"write off\" some students each year. Which of the following should be Ms. James's first step in motivating these faculty members to begin addressing the needs of all students? A. Asking faculty to submit ideas for staff development that could enhance teachers' abilities to address all students' needs 4 B. Distributing to faculty legal and ethical guidelines about educational equity for all students C. Providing faculty with easy-to-implement strategies that could immediately improve instruction for all students D. Encouraging faculty discussion that will lead to a campus-wide commitment to meet the needs of all students SUGGESTED APPROACH This question requires a knowledge of strategies that a principal can use to guide the development of a vision that reflects students' needs for academic achievement and success in life. Before any specific strategies are implemented, the faculty must have an understood, shared commitment to meeting the needs of all students, which makes option D the correct response. Encouraging faculty to submit ideas about staff development activities (option A) is a good strategy, but it will not work without a shared commitment. Distributing legal and ethical guidelines (option B) before the faculty comes to a consensus might actually cause resentment, thereby exacerbating the problem. Providing the faculty with easy-to-implement strategies (option C) might give the impression that the problem can be solved easily or that solving it is optional. Working for a campus-wide commitment, the best option, shows strong leadership and is likely to lead to positive long-term change. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 29 SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS EXAMPLE 4 The following sample question tests knowledge of Principal Competency 002: The principal knows how to communicate and collaborate with all members of the school community, respond to diverse interests and needs and mobilize resources to promote student success. An article in the local paper about Harmon's intention to improve education for all students leads to public disagreement and animosity among constituencies who tend to have widely differing views about problems on campus and how to address them. Which of the following strategies used by Ms. James and her staff would probably best encourage more productive dialogue and a more positive attitude among these groups? A. Inviting stakeholders with various viewpoints to meet and reach consensus on ways to address areas of disagreement 4 B. Disseminating to key members of each constituency important information about major areas of disagreement C. Establishing a clearly defined set of procedures for resolving disagreements D. Advising all constituencies that the students are the ones most likely to be hurt by their disagreements SUGGESTED APPROACH This question centers on the school's role in reaching out to include the members of the larger community as partners with the learning community. Simply disseminating information about major areas of disagreement (option B) is not likely to move constituency groups closer to agreement. Establishing a set of procedures for resolving disagreements (option C) could communicate an unwillingness on the part of the school leader to invite open discussion. Advising some members of the learning community that their actions might hurt children (option D) is likely to create more animosity; the principal should keep in mind that most constituency groups' views are based on their own interests in children's education. The principal is responsible for communicating with various groups in the community and must also listen and encourage honest dialogue among groups, helping them to understand the learning community's vision and including them in the decision-making process. Inviting involvement of people representing different points of view will likely win community support. Option A is the correct response. 30 TExES Preparation Manual Principal SUCCEEDING ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS EXAMPLE 5 The following sample question tests knowledge of Principal Competency 002: The principal knows how to communicate and collaborate with all members of the school community, respond to diverse interests and needs and mobilize resources to promote student success. Eventually, changes begin to be implemented at Harmon with generally strong support from faculty, students and parents. So Ms. James is surprised when the local newspaper runs an editorial highly critical of changes that have occurred. Ms. James feels that the editorial seriously misrepresents what is going on at the campus. Ms. James's best initial responses would be to I. invite the editor to tour the campus and discuss the changes that are taking place. 4 II. send the editor articles from professional journals and other sources that justify the changes at Harmon. III. urge interested staff to submit letters to the editor complaining about the editorial. IV. write a letter to the newspaper to clarify the learning community's mission and the rationale for the changes. A. I and III only B. I and IV only C. II and III only D. II and IV only SUGGESTED APPROACH This question addresses the role of the principal as an effective communicator of the learning community's vision. Recognizing the impact that mass media have in shaping opinions, the principal should proactively influence the media to enhance the mission of the learning community. Inviting the editor of the local newspaper to tour the campus (statement I) shows confidence in the school staff and the success of the changes they have implemented and communicates that confidence to the editor. The principal has the responsibility to define what is expected in order to accomplish the school's mission and to communicate this mission publicly. A direct response to the newspaper, such as a well-written guest editorial (statement IV), is an appropriate way for the principal to articulate that mission in a public forum and build support for the school in the larger community. Sending the editor journal articles (statement II) is a one-step-removed strategy; the principal needs to communicate the effectiveness of the changes at Harmon, not at other campuses. Urging other staff to respond to the editorial (statement III) could communicate an unwillingness on the part of the principal to do so herself. Option B, which includes statements I and IV, is the correct response. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 31 Chapter 5 Multiple-Choice Practice Questions 5 MULTIPLE-CHOICE PRACTICE QUESTIONS SAMPLE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS This section presents some sample test questions for you to review as part of your preparation for the test. To demonstrate how each competency may be assessed, each sample question is accompanied by the competency that it measures. While studying, you may wish to read the competency before and after you consider each sample question. Please note that the competency statements will not appear on the actual test. An answer key follows the sample questions. The answer key lists the question number and correct answer for each sample test question. Please note that the answer key also lists the competency assessed by each question and that the sample questions are not necessarily presented in competency order. 5 The sample questions are included to illustrate the formats and types of questions you will see on the test; however, your performance on the sample questions should not be viewed as a predictor of your performance on the actual test. 34 TExES Preparation Manual Principal MULTIPLE-CHOICE PRACTICE QUESTIONS Questions 1-6 refer to the following information. Ms. Manning is a new principal at Stevens Middle School, arriving at the school mid-year. She learns of problems in the science department, including a new science teacher, Ms. Jones, who is struggling as a first-year teacher. She also has seen data showing that science benchmark scores are low. Ms. Manning understands that she's new to the campus and wants to take her time assessing the campus needs, but she also feels a sense of urgency in addressing these issues. competency 006 1. The assistant principal evaluating Ms. Jones has briefed Ms. Manning on the situation with Ms. Jones, including a recommendation of termination. Which of the following questions is most important for Ms. Manning to answer if she considers terminating Ms. Jones? A. Is there more the campus can do to support this teacher? B. Does this teacher meet the legal requirements for termination? C. Did she receive new employee training from district office? competency 006 2. In considering termination for Ms. Jones, the science teacher, Ms. Manning must understand that Ms. Jones A. can be notified verbally as long as they have a conference. B. has the right to complete the current year under her contract. C. must be notified 45 days before the last day of instruction. D. has two more years under a probationary contract. D. To what degree has Ms. Jones adjusted to her new role as teacher? TExES Preparation Manual Principal 35 5 MULTIPLE-CHOICE PRACTICE QUESTIONS competency 006 3. Which type of contract applies to Ms. Jones, a first-year teacher employed at Stevens Middle School? A. Term contract B. Continuing contract C. Probationary contract D. Temporary contact 5 competency 003 4. After reviewing all the data and observing Ms. Jones in the classroom multiple times, Ms. Manning decides to conference with Ms. Jones regarding her concerns. She shares the areas of needed growth and discusses the development of a written plan. At the same time, she informs Ms. Jones of the requirements and limitations of her contract. They decide to meet again in a couple of weeks to review the situation. Which of the following best describes Ms. Manning's actions? A. Displaying an understanding of integrity, fairness and legal knowledge B. Modeling the highest standard of conduct in her behavior with the teacher C. Showing her understanding of the ethical issues that affect teachers D. Serving as an advocate for all children in her school 36 TExES Preparation Manual Principal MULTIPLE-CHOICE PRACTICE QUESTIONS competency 007 5. In the next two weeks, Ms. Manning continues her work with the science department. She reviews science benchmark data and course grades for Ms. Jones' students. She sees concerns that affect all the science teachers and believes that all the science teachers could benefit from reviewing the data. She decides to hold a series of meetings with the science department. Her goal is to share what she has learned, get their feedback and develop an action plan. The principal is A. responsive to diverse factors that affect students' learning and development. B. implementing a plan that accounts for what motivates adults and how they learn best. C. engaging in ongoing professional development activities to enhance knowledge. competency 001 6. Ms. Manning feels that her meetings with the science teachers are going well. They have developed a good plan and are beginning to implement it. However, she overhears several science teachers in the lounge sharing that they feel she is too new to the campus to be making so many changes. The teachers feel that she doesn't know them, the community or their students well. Based on this information, what is Ms. Manning's biggest obstacle in creating change? 5 A. Creating a vision understood by the campus B. Becoming legitimate in the teachers' eyes C. Providing a general sense of direction D. Overcoming unforeseen barriers D. analyzing data from a variety of sources and managing groups to attain campus goals. TExES Preparation Manual Principal 37 MULTIPLE-CHOICE PRACTICE QUESTIONS Questions 7-11 refer to the following information. Mr. Rodriguez has just been hired as the new principal of Henry B. Gonzales Elementary School. He wants to begin his new position on a positive note. To accomplish this, he develops the following plan. STEPS 1. Hold a series of meetings with faculty at the beginning of the school year to encourage teachers to air their views regarding campus strengths and needs and possible strategies for improving the functioning of the campus. 2. Work with teachers to begin developing a vision statement for the future of the campus and to identify key goals linked to that vision. 3. Form teams of teachers who will develop a specific plan to achieve one of the goals agreed upon in Step 2. 5 competency 001 7. An important benefit of the meetings described in Step 1 is most likely to include A. giving Mr. Rodriguez a chance to define for staff his sense of mission for the learning community. B. showing his leadership style and expectations for the campus teachers and staff. C. providing Mr. Rodriguez with a source of information for evaluating campus needs. D. prompting the teachers to reflect on their own current professional knowledge and skills. competency 007 8. Which of the following criteria would be important to consider in evaluating the effectiveness of plans implemented as a result of Step 3? I. Milestones and a timetable for implementation of the plan are in place II. Data or anecdotal evidence is available to measure success III. The faculty has reached consensus about the plan's success IV. Learning community members who are implementing the plan have the resources and training they need A. I and III only B. I, II and IV only C. II and III only D. II, III and IV only 38 TExES Preparation Manual Principal MULTIPLE-CHOICE PRACTICE QUESTIONS competency 007 9. The greatest benefit of Step 3 is that it is likely to competency 001 11. Mr. Rodriguez's plan is likely to be most effective in A. encourage innovation and creative