"The city of Aarhus is focusing on sustainable development of the city with regards to climate mitigation, climate adaptation and water management. It wants to contribute in accomplishing the ambitious SDG goals on clean water - both in Aarhus and internationally. Aarhus is facilitating sustainable development sharing experiences, methodologies and technologies in water management, he noted. Danish Experience of Water Utilities Management A hallmark of water supply in Denmark is its being planned and managed with twofold appreciation for water as a valuable resource and the need to be mindful of energy consumption. Prioritizing across these levels has led Danish utilities to being at the forefront of developing smart water networks, fit for the twenty-first century. In several notable municipalities the outcomes are plain to see. Non-revenue Water (NRW) is remarkably low throughout Denmark, but across the utilities of 3VAND representing water utilities of the cities of Copenhagen, Odense and Aarhus together proving water to 2 million people - it is just 6 percent. Meanwhile, national security of supply is practically 100 percent. Supply as an Integrated System What emerges from the ingredients of the Danish success with Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is that there is no single solutions, but rather a myriad of pieces to the puzzle, set in place with a holistic approach to planning infrastructure and managing operations. The latter dimension is described by Hgh as, treating the whole distribution system as one integrated system." Hgh explained on this, saying: "You have to look at optimizing your pipe infrastructure with separately metered district metered areas (DMAS), while at the same time adding all the necessary "handles" such as intelligent pumps and valves that react to the actual demand to improve pressure control and flow and combine with sensors and smart devices within a comprehensive management strategy. All sorts of factors are at play in lowering NRW; certainly, a longer-sighted solutions, built for the future, is much more cost-effective in the long-run" Danish DMAs therefore represent a multi-faceted solutions, incorporating novel physical technology alongside sophisticated monitoring and operating of the network via supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. Pia Jacobsen, chief engineer - water reuse, at one of Denmark's largest water utilities, Aarhus Vand, explains this path to securing such low NRW, saying: "It's a thirty year story, with a focus on water usage and leakage. The adoption of DMAs has been a major source of gains, helping us to bring NRW to around 5 percent." But Jacobsen comments that implementing DMAs wasn't an overnight solution. Rather, they had to be refined over time: "We've learned much about optimizing the size of a DMA for monitoring the water balancing and leakage, integrating their management through common SCADA platforms, and the operation of multiple teams responsible for different tasks working across." Source: Excerpts from GWCL Reports: 2018, 2019, 2022 and William Steel, 2022 (Credit to Dr. Nantogmah Danaa) Required: i. What is the main problem to be solved and what are its root causes? Conduct a root cause analysis [4 marks] ii. With the aid of a stakeholder wheel, identify relevant stakeholders [3 marks] iii. Define and explain at least one relevant metrics that can be used to measure if and how well the objectives of the MoU between GWCL and Aarhus city will be met. [3 marks] iv. What kind of alternative solutions can you identify to address business need (s)? You are encouraged to search for information from other sources. [5 marks] V. Based on the text, identify the requirements for your chosen solution(s), and develop some prototypes, and some designs of how the user interfaces would look. [15 marks]