The Domain Name System $($DNS$)$ translates hostnames to IP addresses, fulfilling a

critical role in the Internet infrastructure. In this lab, we$$ll take a closer look at the client

side of DNS$.$ Recall that the client$$s role in the DNS is relatively simple $$ a client sends a

query to its local DNS server, and receives a response back. As shown in Figures $2\mathrm{.}19$

and $2\mathrm{.}20$ in the textbook, much can go on $$under the covers,$$ invisible to a DNS client,

as the hierarchical DNS servers communicate with each other to either recursively or

iteratively resolve the client$$s DNS query. From the DNS client$$s standpoint, however,

the protocol is quite simple $$ a query is formulated to the local DNS server and a

response is received from that server.