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6. An amount that takes the damaging properties of different types of radiation into account is (a) effective dose () equivalent dose mark the option E in the (c) air kerma (d) absorbed dose answer sheet if you think there is no correct answer. 7. Calculate the lower bound of the range of wave- 1. How does the mass number changes during the lengths for AM radio given its frequency range is beta-positive decay? 550 kiz to 1550 kHIz. (a) increases by 1 150 +15 N+ (t (b) decreases by 1 (a) 545m (b) 193.41m () doesn't change (c) 181.81m (d) 64.5m (d) decreases by 4 8. What is the energy (J) of a photon with frequency 2. Which process is required for laser light amplifi- f = 2.5 . 1014 ? (a) 0.4 . 10-14J (b) 7.5 . 1022J cation to occur? c 16.56 . 10-20J (d) 3.77 . 10-19J (a) spontaneous emission (b) stimulated emission 9. How are potassium ions typically moved out of a (c) stimulated absorption neuron when the membrane is at rest? d) population inversion (a )the sodium-potassium pump moves potassium 3. Spontaneous emission results in the release of how ions out of the cell. many photons? (b) Potassium ions are stable and do not move (a)0 61 when a membrane is at rest. (c) 2 (d) 3 Chemical gradients move potassium ions out of the cell 4. How does the flow speed of the ideal fluid change (d) Electrical gradients move potassium ions out if the diameter of the tube is increased 2 times? of the cell. (a) increases 2 times (b) decreases 2 times decreases 4 times RZ 10. During an AP scoliosis x-ray the patient has re- ceived a radiation dose of 3 mGy into his breast, (d) increases 4 times gonads and stomach. What is the total effective 5. Beta-negative radiation happens when the nu- dose? Note that Wt(breast) - 0.05, Wt(gonads cleus has too many = 0.2, Wt(stomach) = 0.12. (a) protons (b)neutrons (a) 0.32 mSv (b) 0.0035 mSv (c) electrons (d) positrons (c) 56mSv (d) 0.96 mSvA List of Important Formulas 10. The intensity of X-ray I at the thickness level x is I = Joe HI 1. Energy vs. Frequency E = h . f 11. Half-value thickness To.5 = (2 2. Frequency vs. Wavelength c = f . > 12. 37% of initial intensity 1 3. Rydberg's Formula To.37 1 = RH (4 - 7) 13. Snell's Law n] sin(01) = n2 sin(02) 4. Energy change of an electron when changing the energy levels 14. Continuity Equation E = -2.18 x 10-18 J . ( m - me) I, = A x v is const. 5. Compton Effect 15. Bernoulli's equation h . f = h . f' + Ke = he + mul Pi + pghi + ? pul = P2 + pgh2 + you] 6. Wavelength difference between the incident do and 16. FRET Efficiency the scattered photon A' E(r) = Retro X' - do = h (1 - cos($)) 17. The heights of the object ho and image h; are related with the image d; and 7. Pair Production object do distance using h . f = 2 . melectron . C' + Ke + Kp hi = - di 8. Bragg's Law (d is the distance between the grids) 18. Number of radioactive decays 2d sin($) = n . > 0.693 9. Equations of Lane (c is the distance between the grids) N = Noe-At, where >= ecos(y) = n . > t1/2 1/2 is the half-life time. A Partial List of Fundamental Constants Constant Symbol Approximate Value Speed of light in vacuum C 3.00 x 10 m/s Plank's constant h 6.626 x 10-34J s Electronvolt 1 eV 1.6021 x 10-19 J Electron mass 9.11 x 10 31kg Proton mass mp 1.673 x 10-27kg Rydberg's constant RH 1.096 x 10' 1/m Minimum energy needed for Pair Production 1.02 MeV Nanometre 1 nm 10-9 m Radian 1 Rad 180/7 = 57.2958 degrees Density of water Pwater 103 kg/m3 Liter 10-3 m3