The following arise out of a new product (X) proposed by YT Inc. To produce this product, the company will stop producing a different product (Y) and use product Y's production line. Which of the following is a cash flow that should be considered for capital budgeting purposes?

(a) the cost of closing down production of product Y

(b) the annual increase in the electricity bill caused by the utilitys rates going up (even though usage is expected to stay the same)

(c) the project's proportional share of the CEOs current salary

(d) research costs on the product that have already been spent