THE price of a tin of baked beans doesn't change much from day to day. The price of a company's shares, on the other hand, can change quite a lot. In investment terms, the price of the baked beans isn't as volatile as the share price. While you might have a good idea of how much a tin of baked beans will cost you whenever you go 10 buy one, you can't be as certain about the price of a share. IBut there are ways you can make educated guesses about what the price of a share might do over a period of time. In other words, you can make educated guesses about the range of likely future outcomes, and hence about likely future volatility. A common way of measuring an asset's riskiness, or volatility, is the "standard deviation" of the asset's returns. Standard deviation is a statistical method of calculating the most likely range of returns from an asset. It is the method that analysts use to make long-term predictions from short-term data. If you were to plot the returns from an asset on a graph, where the horizontal axis is the return the asset achieves every day, week or month, and the vertical axis is the number of times that return occurs, you'd get what's called a "distribution curve". This looks like a bell, and for that reason it's also sometimes known as a bell curve. What a bell curve tells you is that an asset's returns tend to be clustered around a certain number, and the further from that number you move along the horizontal axis, the fewer times the returns tend to crop up. Calculating the standard deviation of an asset's returns tells you how far from the average return you have to move in order to include about two thirds of the range of an asset's returns. Moving two standard deviations from the average means you can cover about 95 per cent of the range of returns. In other words, you can say, with a high degree of certainty, what the range of an asset's returns will be. "For example, an annualised volatility of 8 per cent together with an expected return of 20 per cent over the year can be used to produce an interval of possible return outcomes for the year," CommSec says. "In this example there is an approximately two-thirds chance that the outcome after one year is 20 per cent, plus or minus 8 per cent (that is, 12 per cent to 28 per cent), and approximately a 95 per cent chance that the outcome will fall in an interval twice as wide (that is, 4 per cent to 36 per cent)." A higher standard deviation means the likely outcomes range a long way from the average, and a lower standard deviation means the possible outcomes are more tightly concentrated around the average.

Question 1

Explain how the risk of shares can be calculated by the standard deviation. Your explanation should include the usage of the dispersion statistics, the normal distribution, and the probability, and how those concepts are utilized in real life finance.

Question 2

Apparently, Simon Hoyle's article did not mention what would happen to the risk if an investor decided to buy more than one share. Explain how adding new shares to a portfolio can affect the risk and return of that portfolio. You should use the concepts of correlation coefficient and the standard deviation in your explanations.

Question 3

As you know, the risk of two assets is calculated by getting the square root of the equation: P 2 = w1 21 2 + w2 22 2 + 2w1w212 12 Explain what would happen if one of the two assets was a risk-free asset. In other words, what would be the risk of the combination of the two assets? You have to explain that in accordance with the above equation.

Question 4

Explain the distinction between Systematic and Unsystematic Risk? How can investors avoid each one of those risk?