The researchers reported that, related to their beliefs about universal health care, participants "showed less attitude change in the perspective-taking (M=0.39, 95% CI = [ -0.17, 0.94]) relative to the control (M=1.52, 95% CI = [ 0.55, 2.50]) condition, t (482) = 1.98, p = 0.48, d = 0.18."

When you encounter a new test statistic, you can always interpret the p value in the same way. What do we know from the p value here? (The p value is related to the difference between the two means, 0.39 and 1.52.)

a. The p value is less than the alpha level 0.05, so we reject the null hypothesis; we have evidence that the mean attitude change among those in perspective-taking condition is less than the mean attitude change in the control condition.

b. The p value is less than the alpha level 0.05, so we fail to reject the null hypothesis; we cannot conclude that the mean attitude change in the control condition.

c. The p value is greater than the alpha level of 0.05, so we reject the null hypothesis; we have evidence that the mean attitude change among those in the perspective-taking condition is less than the mean attitude change in control condition.

d. The p value is greater than the alpha level of 0.05, so we fail to reject the null hypothesis; we cannot conclude that the mean attitude change is among those in the perspective-taking condition is less than the mean attitude change in the control condition.