The state in which Lois lives has a statute prohibiting dogs running at large. All dogs are required to be on a leash whenever they are off the owner's premises. Lois' dog, Brian, while not on a leash, visits the home of a neighbor down the street. While there, the dog carries off an expensive pair of shoes belonging to Cleveland. The shoes are chewed and destroyed. A neighbor, Joe, informed Cleveland of what had happened. Cleveland commented that he never should have left his $300 shoes lying on the deck in the first place but that he expects to be repaid by Lois. Cleveland found out that the dog had carried away a number of shoes and other articles in the neighborhood, chewing them to pieces--it was quite a quagmire. Lois did nothing to warn anyone. Cleveland thinks that she should be punished for her activities which would perhaps deter her from allowing the dog to run loose. Upon which of the following theories will Cleveland likely rely in seeking recovery for the shoes against Lois? Group of answer choices