The term $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ was developed by the Department of Justice $($DOJ$)$ and the Federal Trade Commission $($FTC$)$ to decide when to challenge certain provider combinations $($eg$,$ physician$$ hospital joint ventures$)$ that were conducting joint contracting with payers. The DOJ and FTC were concerned that such joint contracting might be anticompetitive.