The UK government has once again delayed placing restrictions on TV and online adverts for foods high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS or often referred to as "junk-food") until 1 October 2025, the Department of Health and Social Care confirmed today. Campaign groups such as Action on Sugar had hoped to see a ban on junk- food advertising on television before 9pm, the time at which it is argued young children will no longer be watching television. The restrictions were first scheduled to be implemented in April 2022 under the Government's strategy to combat childhood obesity. Then they were postponed to October this year, and in May, they were pushed back again to January 2024. "We strongly condemn the unethical actions of the Government in delaying these restrictions," Action on Sugar said in a statement. "Large multinational food and drink companies who have had more than enough time to improve the quality of their food and drinks in preparation for the policy spend billions of pounds every year on ruthless advertising campaigns to entice us and encourage us to buy and consume their products. It's clear that these marketing strategies work." "Research shows restricting junk-food adverts on TV and online would significantly reduce the number of children with excess weight. The group, which also has a sister pressure body, Action on Salt, said unhealthy HFSS diets are "the biggest cause of death and disability globally", adding they cost the UK economy more than GBP100bn (US$122.6bn) a year. Source: www.just-food.com [adapted extract] - December 2022 a) Explain the term negative externalities. b) Explain using a diagram the effect that an advertising ban on junk food before 9pm would have on the market for a good that was high in sugar, salt or fat. c) d) Analyse ONE alternative policy, other than a ban on advertising, that might be used to reduce the consumption of food with high sugar, salt and fat content. "...Research shows restricting junk-food adverts on TV and online would significantly reduce the number of children with excess weight." Evaluate the likely effectiveness of restricting advertising in reducing the negative externalities associated with the consumption of food with high sugar, salt and fat content.