This Lab uses the PhET simulationCircuit Construction Kit AC.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-ac/latest/circuit-construction-kit-ac_en.html

Each lab counts for 20 points and it is about 1.42% of the total grade, each little point counts, do not miss it!

Introduction

Current is a flow of charged particles, in metal wires the conduction electrons make up the flow of charges. The charges are moving because there is a potential difference. The current is measured in Amperes (A), the potential difference across a circuit element is called voltage and it is measured in Volts. A complete, closed path where electrons can flow is called a circuit. Current in the circuit passes through electrical devices, typical electrical devices are resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, LED, etc...

In these activities you will work on circuits with resistors or traditional light bulbs. You will work with series and parallel connections of resistors or light bulbs. The last activity is dedicated to alternating current.

Important formulae and assumptions for all activities.

1. When the elements in a circuit are connected in series,the same current passes through all elements which are in series.
2. When the elements in a circuit are connected in series, the sum of all voltages across each element adds up to the voltage provided by the power source in the circuit (battery or generator).
3. When the elements in a circuit are connected in parallel, the current is different for each element and the respective values add up to the total current drawn from the battery.
4. When the elements in a circuit are connected in parallel with each other, the voltage is the same for each element.
5. Power is the energy over time for a circuit element.

The voltage, the current, and the resistance are linked by Ohm's law, which is

Voltage=Resistance equivalentcurrent=

V=RI

Elaborating this equation we can also find the current asI=VR or the resistance asR=VI.

If resistors are connected in series, the total resistance, also called equivalent resistance is

Requivalent=R1+R2+R3+R4+....

If resistors are connected in parallel, the total resistance, also called equivalent resistance is

Requivalent=(1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+1/R4+...)-1

The power is measured in SI units as Watts and it is equal to

Power=voltagecurrent=VI

whereV is the potential difference across the circuit element andI is the current flow through it.

Activity 1 Series circuit

Video description of the available tools on the simulation

Part A (4pts)

1. Open the simulation PhET simulationCircuit Construction Kit ACand double click on the tab labeled Lab.

1. On the right upper corner of the screen select "Show current, electrons", "Labels", and "Values".

1. From the options on the left side of the screen, drag one battery and three resistors. Using wires, build a circuit with one battery and 3 resistors in series.

1. By default the battery voltage is 9.0 V, change it into 10.0 V. (Click on the battery and a menu to change the value of the voltage will appear on the bottom of the screen). Keep the resistors values as 10 Ohms.

1. Using the Voltmeter, measure the voltage across each resistor. Report the values on Table 1.

1. Add a screenshot of your circuit diagram. [Screenshot]

1. Using the Ammeter with one probe, measure the current at the different resistors of the circuit. Is the current the same value? Yes/No.Report the values on Table 1.

1. Measure the total voltage across all resistors and report the value on the last column of Table 1.

1. Measure the current at the battery and report the value on the last column of Table 1.

1. Using the formula for resistors in series, calculate the equivalent resistance. Show all your work here:

[Show all work]

1. Using Ohm's law, show that the current value obtained with I=V totalR equivalent is the same that you measured in the simulation. Show all the steps here:

[Show work]

Table 1

	Resistor 1	Resistor 2	Resistor 3	Total resistances, total voltage, and total current drawn from the battery.
Resistance ()
Voltage (V)
Current (A)

Part B (5pts)

1. Select all the resistors' elements in the circuit to edit and change their values to your own chosen values. Choose random numbers.

1. Include here a screenshot of your built circuit to show your chosen values.[Screenshot]

1. In the simulation, using the Voltmeter, measure the voltage across each resistor and report the values on Table 2.

1. Using the Ammeter, measure the current at each resistor and at the battery. The resistors are in series therefore the current should be the same for each one of them. Report the values in Table 2.

1. Show that the total voltage (i.e. The sum of all three voltages at the resistors) is equal to the battery's voltage. Show the work here:

[Show work]

1. Calculate the resistance equivalent using the formula posted under the above section "Important formulae and assumptions for all activities". Show all the steps and calculations here:

[Show work]

1. Using Ohm's law show that the resistance equivalent obtained at the step (6) is the same value as the one obtained from the equationR=VI. Show your work here:

[Show work]

Table 2

	Resistor 1	Resistor 2	Resistor 3	Battery
Resistance ()				none
Voltage (V)
Current (A)

Activity 2 Parallel circuit (4pts)

1. With the same three resistors from Activity 1B, build a circuit with three resistors in parallel with the battery.

1. Include a screenshot of your built circuit here. Make sure to show the values on the image.[Screenshot]

1. In the simulation, using the Voltmeter, measure the voltage across each resistor and report the values on the table below. Is the voltage the same for each resistor?Yes/No?

1. Using the Ammeter, measure the current of each resistor. Report the values on Table 3.

1. Using the Ammeter, measure the total current from the battery. Report the value of the current in on Table 3.

Table 3

	Resistor 1	Resistor 2	Resistor 3	Battery
Resistance ()				zero
Voltage (V)
Current (A)

1. Calculate the resistance equivalent using the formula posted under the section "Important formulae and assumptions for all activities". Show all the steps here:

[Show work]

1. Show that the current from the battery is equal to the sum of the currents taken at the three resistors. Show all the steps here:

[Show work]