Use approximately $2$ sentences to explain each term.

$1.$ Explain how each of these can be used deliberately to restrict imports: $($a$)$ product standards, $($b$)$ packaging, labeling and marking, $($c$)$ product testing, and $($d$)$ product specifications. $(10$ marks$)$

$2.$ Explain: confiscation, expropriation, nationalization, and domestication. $(10$ marks$)$