Victims and Victimology- Modular 8 Comprehension Assignment

1. The Hate Crimes Statistics Act enacted in 1990 mandates the attorney general to acquire data and publish an annual report on crimes committed based on prejudice concerning
2. race.
3. religion.
4. sexual orientation.
5. ethnicity.
6. All of the above

2. Major concerns regarding hate crimes legislation do not include which of the following?

a. It violates the concept of equal protection under the law by granting more government protection to certain classes of people.

b. It is an overreach of federal powerallowing federal government intervention into local and state affairs.

c. Most U.S. citizens do not support hate crime legislation.

d.It paves the way to religious persecution through "hate speech," in particular for Christians and other faith groups who hold traditional beliefs on homosexuality.

3. Levin and McDevitt have established three categories of hate crime offenders. Which of the following is not one of them?

a. Thrill-seeking offenders

b. Reactive offenders

c. Mission offenders

d. Goal-oriented offenders

4. Under most state statutes, the prosecutor needs to prove two things to get a hate crime conviction. Which is not one of the two requirements?

a. The offender committed the crime.

b. The offender profited from the crime.

c. The crime was committed because of the victim's personal characteristics.

5. Which of the following statements is NOT considered to be a myth regarding school violence?

1. The epidemic of violent behavior of the early 1990s is over, and young people are much safer today.
2. Most future offenders can be identified in early childhood.
3. African American and Hispanic youths are more likely than other ethnic groups to get involved in violence.
4. Getting tough with juvenile offenders by trying them in adult criminal courts does not reduce the likelihood that they will commit more crimes.

6. Most criminologists and victimologists have known for years that delinquency occurs most often in the company of peers. This phenomenon has been labeled

1. group offending.
2. companion offending.
3. exchange theory.
4. social learning theory.

7. Which of the following rules DO NOT apply when dealing with a victim with disabilities?

1. Look directly at the victim when speaking.
2. Feel free to ask a victim with disabilities how you should act or communicate most effectively if you have any doubts about correctness in the situation.
3. Address and speak directly to the person with disabilities, even if the person is accompanied or assisted by a third-party nondisabled person.
4. Never offer physical assistance to a person with disabilities.

8. The primary theme of the social learning theory is that delinquency

a. results because people act according to a system of rewards or punishments.

b. results from genetic causes.

c. is learned through peer group interactions.

d. is because of inadequate family upbringing.

9. Bullying is

a. generally limited to physical harm.

b. not due to an imbalance of power situation.

c. rarely discussed in the media.

d. the most common form of school violence.

Fill in the Blank

1. The federal hate crime legislation has many critics. For example, one critic called the 2009 Act "another nail in the coffin of the ______Amendment."

2. Under state legislation, generally the prosecutor must prove that the perpetrator's motivation was because of the _______ race, religion, or some other personal characteristic.

3. Currently in most states, the homeless are not listed as a ______class under federal law, so crimes against the homeless are not listed as hate crimes.

4. A major concern regarding hate crime legislation is that it violates the concept of ___ ___ under the law by granting more government protection to certain classes of people.

5. Speech that paves the way to ______ persecution is "hate speech," in particular for Christians and other faith groups who hold traditional beliefs on homosexuality.

6. The term ______ includes different races, religions, genders, ages, physical disabilities, and gay or lesbian issues.

7. ___________ awareness is more than a series of "politically correct" sayings and posters that hang in __________an office.

8. ______ crimes are offenses that are motivated by hatred and directed against a victim based on race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or national origin.

9. A ________ person is defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act as one who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of that individual, or has a record of such impairment, or is regarded as having such impairment.

10. Another concern regarding federal ___ ____ laws is that they pave the way to religious persecution through "hate speech," in particular for Christians and other faith groups who hold traditional beliefs on homosexuality.

11. _________ theory is based on the premise that people act according to a system of rewards or punishments.

12. _____________ famous theory is called the theory of differential association.

13. In the 1920s, Frederic _________ set forth one of the earliest definitions of a gang.

14. Because the United States is becoming more _________with the passage of each year, victim services providers need to become very aware and sensitive to the needs of these special victims.

15. ____ may be defined as the physical attack of one person by another or others.

16. One of the most prominent social theorists was ____ , who developed a theory that attempted to explain how group relations impact a person's attitudes and behaviors.

17. The National ___ ___ ___and Intervention project identified five strategies that were considered to be promising practices.

18. ____ goes beyond the shoving, threatening, and taunting typical of bullying.

19. _________ rape is one of the biggest problems our school campuses are facing today, from middle schools to college campuses.

20. ___ ___ pertaining to sexual abuse in schools vary widelyfrom the legal age of consensual sex to the definition of the crime.