Closing case: Culture and Business in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is not the easiest place in the world for Western enterprises to do business. On the one hand the oil-rich kingdom offers many opportunities for enterprising businesses. Western construction companies have long played a role in building infrastructure in the kingdom. Western brands from Coca-Cola, Nike, and McDonald's to the body shop, next, and mention have a significant presence. Western aerospace companies such as Boeing and Lockheed have sold a significant number of aircraft to Saudi Arabia over the years. The Saudi market is one of the larger in the Middle East. For more than a decade now, the government has signaled that it is more open to foreign investment in certain sectors of the economy, all the oil and gas extraction is still reserved for state owned enterprises. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia is in his ASIC historically conserve it if country where a large segment of population desires to preserve the religious values in ancient traditions of the region. This can and does spill over into the business sector. The culture of the country has been shaped by a combination of Islam and Bedouin traditions. In 1744 when desert nomads populated the Arabian Peninsula, the oasis-dwelling al Saud clan made a pact with Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab. Wahhab was an influential Islamic scholar who sought to purify Islam and return it to its traditional roots through strict adherence to what he believed were the original principles of Islamic, as expressed in the Koran. In exchange for protecting Wahhab and following his teachings, Wahhab offered his backing to the ambitious al Saud family. 140 years later, the family United nomadic desert tribes under its rule, and in 1922 the Saudi kingdom was born. Today, the strict Wahhab sect of Islam still has a profound influence on Saudi culture, something that is very visible in foreign travelers. For example, stores and restaurants close at the five daily prayer times, in many restaurants, including Western one such as McDonald's, have separate dining areas for men and women. Women in Saudi Arabia are not allowed to drive a car, sailboat, or fly a plane or appear outdoors with hair, wrist, or ankles exposed-something that Western companies need to keep in mind when doing business in the country or with Saudis elsewhere. Indeed, women traveling on their own have generally needed government minders or permission slips. Saudi adheres to Islamic values has also given rise to anti-American sentiment, which increased following the American-led invasion of other Muslim nations, Iraq. Culture solidarity expressed itself in consumer boycotts of American products. More disturbing than consumer boycotts have been the terrorist attacks against Western expatriates in Saudi Arabia during the past decade, significantly increasing the perceived risk of doing business in the kingdom. Bedouin traditions have been just as strong as his Islamic values in shaping Saudi culture. Values that were important to those proud nomads-and that have been at enabled them to survive in the harsh desert landscape are still found in modern Saudi society. These include loyalty, status, and emphasis on interpersonal relationships, the idea of approximate rather than precise time, and an aversion to any behavior that might seem mental or servile (including manual labor). Saudis trust has been well-established-a process that may require (by Western standards) a large number of face-to-face meetings Saudis may resent being rushed into a business decision, preferring to let discussions received in a more relaxed fashion-something that Western with their attachments to precise rather than approximate time might find taxing. Business meetings may be long because many Saudis maintain a "open office" and will interrupt a meeting to conduct other businesses, which can be traced back to the Bedouin traditions where all tribal members have a right to visit and tradition their leaders without an appointment. Given the culture importance attached to the status, Saudi executives will not react well if a foreign company sends a junior executive to transact business. Loyal to family and friends is a powerful force, and job security and advancement may be based on family and friendship ties, rather than or in addition to, demonstrated technical or managerial competence. Westerns might construe this negatively as neck kisses him, but it reflects a nomadic culture where trust and family and tribe was placed above all else. Saudi executives will also consult with family and friends before making a business decision, and they may place more weight on their opinions then not of an expert and they do not know as well. The Bedouin aversion to menial work has produced a chronic labor problem in the kingdom, and foreign companies will quickly discover that is difficult to find Saudi nationals who will undertake manual labor or basic service work. Consequently some 6 million foreign nationals reform other Muslim traditions, such as Pakistan and Indonesia, undertake many of the manual occupations that Saudis disdain. Although oil revenues have made this social stratification possible, the Saudi government sees its as its potential long-term problem-almost 90% of all private sector jobs in Saudi Arabia are filled by foreign nationals-and it's launched a program of Saudis nation. The aim is to change cultural values toward work perceived as many old and, by doing so, to help build a modern economy. So far success has been halting at best. Saudi society is starting to change and other important ways. Slowly the rights of Saudi women are being expanded. In 1964, Saudi girls were not allowed to go to school today, more than half the university students in the kingdom are women. In 2004, Saudi women were granted the right to hold a commercial business license, a significant advance considering the woman held some 25 billion in deposits and Saudi banks and had little opportunity to use them. As Saudi society falls, women may come to play a greater role in business. 

1. What forces shaped modern Saudi culture? How similar or different are these forces from those that shape the culture of the Western nations? 

2. What kinds of misunderstanding are likely to arise between an American company and a Saudi enterprise, if neither of which has experience dealing with each other? 

3. If you were in a position to advise a Western company that was considering doing business in a Saudi Arabia for the first time, what would your advice be