What is the bullwhip effect in supply chain management?

The tendency for larger order size fluctuations as orders are relayed to the supply chain from retailers, resulting in unstable production schedules.

The practice of forming long$-$term relationships with a few dedicated suppliers to reduce costs and obtain design innovations.

The coordination of all supply chain activities, starting with raw materials and ending with a satisfied customer.

The strategy of developing the ability to produce goods or services previously purchased or buying a supplier or distributor.

The reliance on good, stable supplier relationships to provide services on demand, resulting in efficiency and low capital investment.