When multiple organizations coordinate their actions through contracts and agreements rather than formal hierarchies, this is described as

$($fill in the blank$).$

Select one:

$$ a$.$ Symbiotic Interdependency

$$ b$.$ Competitive Interdependency

$$ c$.$ Matter of Reputation

$$ d$.$ Strategic Alliance

$$ e$.$ Network Cluster

$$ f$.$ All the above

$$ g$.$ None of the above