1. When we turn on a PC the first process starts at a. The Hard Disk Bootstrap c. The Windows b. The ROM Bootstrap d. None of the above

1. The heart of the operating system is a. Device drivers c. The fork b. Kernel d. The threads

1. Threads advantages are a. Lighter then process c. Context switch is very slow b. Shared codes and data d. a&b

Sol19:

1. b. The ROM Bootstrap

When you turn on a PC, the first process that starts is the ROM bootstrap, which is a small program stored in ROM (read-only memory) that initializes the hardware and starts the boot process.

The ROM bootstrap performs a series of steps to get the computer up and running, including

? Initializing the hardware: The ROM bootstrap initializes the hardware components of the computer, such as the CPU, RAM, and I/O devices.

? Finding the boot device: The ROM bootstrap looks for a bootable device, such as a hard drive or USB flash drive, from which to load the operating system.

? Loading the bootloader: Once the boot device is found, the ROM bootstrap loads the bootloader, which is a program that loads the operating system.

? Starting the operating system: The bootloader then starts the operating system, which takes control of the computer and starts the rest of the boot process.

Therefore, the correct answer is b. The ROM Bootstrap.

2. b. Kernel

The kernel is the central part of an operating system that manages the hardware and software resources of the computer. It is the heart of the operating system and is responsible for managing processes, memory, I/O operations, and other essential tasks.

The kernel runs in a privileged mode of operation, which gives it full access to the hardware and system resources. It is responsible for allocating these resources to the processes and ensuring that they run smoothly and efficiently.

Some examples of tasks that the kernel performs include

? Managing processes: The kernel creates, schedules, and terminates processes, as well as allocates CPU time to them.

? Managing memory: The kernel allocates memory to processes and manages the memory hierarchy (e.g., RAM, cache, virtual memory).

? Managing I/O operations: The kernel manages the communication between the processes and the I/O devices, such as hard drives, keyboards, and printers.

? Providing system calls: The kernel provides a set of system calls that allow processes to request services from the operating system, such as reading and writing to files.

Therefore, the correct answer is b. Kernel.